Samsara (Buddhisme)
konsep siklus kelahiran kembali dan kematian dalam Buddhisme
Dalam Buddhisme, samsara (KBBI; Pali: saṃsāra; Sanskerta: संसार) adalah siklus tanpa awal dari kelahiran berulang, keberadaan duniawi, dan kematian kembali. Samsara dianggap sebagai penderitaan (dukkha), dan secara umum tidak memuaskan dan menyakitkan,[1] dilanggengkan oleh nafsu keinginan (taṇhā) dan ketidaktahuan (avijjā), dan karma serta pengindraan yang dihasilkannya.[2][3][4]
Punarbawa atau kelahiran kembali terjadi di tiga puluh satu alam keberadaan, yaitu alam-alam surga (brahma dan dewa), alam manusia, dan alam-alam rendah (hewan, hantu kelaparan, jin, dan neraka).[note 1] Samsara berakhir jika seseorang mencapai Nirwana,[note 2] “padamnya” nafsu keinginan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas ketidakkekalan (anicca) dan realitas tanpa-atma (anatta).[6][7][8]
Karakteristik
Dalam Buddhisme, saṃsāra adalah "siklus kehidupan, kematian, dan kelahiran kembali yang terus menerus dan sarat penderitaan, tanpa awal dan akhir".[1][9] Dalam beberapa sutta, khususnya Saṁyutta Nikāya 15. disebutkan, "Dari suatu awal yang tidak dapat dipahami muncullah kelahiran kembali. Titik awalnya tidak jelas, meskipun makhluk-makhluk yang terhalang oleh ketidaktahuan dan terbelenggu oleh nafsu keinginan terlahir kembali dan mengembara".[10] Samsara merujuk pada siklus kelahiran dan kematian yang tidak pernah berakhir, dalam enam alam realitas (gati, domain keberadaan; juga dikenal dengan kategorisasi yang berbeda dalam aliran Theravāda),[11] mengembara dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lain tanpa arah atau tujuan tertentu.[12][13][note 3] Samsara dicirikan oleh dukkha ("tidak memuaskan," "menyakitkan"). Samsara berhubungan dengan Empat Kebenaran Mulia, karena dukkha ("tidak memuaskan," "menyakitkan") adalah inti dari samsara.[15][16] Setiap kelahiran kembali bersifat sementara dan tidak kekal. Dalam setiap kelahiran kembali, seseorang dilahirkan dan mati, untuk dilahirkan kembali di tempat lain sesuai dengan karmanya masing-masing.[17] Samsara dilanggengkan oleh avijjā ("ketidaktahuan") seseorang, khususnya tentang anicca ("ketidakkekalan") dan anatta ("tanpa-diri")[18][19] dan dari taṇhā (nafsu keinginan).[note 4] Samsara terus berlanjut hingga tercapainya Nirwana melalui kebijaksanaan,[14][note 2] “padamnya” nafsu keinginan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas ketidakkekalan (anicca) dan realitas tanpa-diri (anatta).[6][7][8] Konsep terkait samsara dan gagasan tentang siklus keberadaan sudah ada sejak 800 SM.[24]
Catatan
- ^ Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.[5]
- ^ a b Ending samsara:
- Kevin Trainor: "Buddhist doctrine holds that until they realize nirvana, beings are bound to undergo rebirth and redeath due to their having acted out of ignorance and desire, thereby producing the seeds of karma".[22]
- Conze: "Nirvana is the raison d’être of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification."[23]
- ^ Samsara is the continual repetitive cycle of rebirth within the six realms of existence:
- Damien Keown: "Although Buddhist doctrine holds that neither the beginning of the process of cyclic rebirth nor its end can ever be known with certainty, it is clear that the number of times a person may be reborn is almost infinite. This process of repeated rebirth is known as saṃsāra or 'endless wandering', a term suggesting continuous movement like the flow of a river. All living creatures are part of this cyclic movement and will continue to be reborn until they attain nirvana."[14]
- Ajahn Sucitto: "This continued movement is [...] what is meant by samsāra, the wandering on. According to the Buddha, this process doesn't even stop with death—it's like the habit transfers almost genetically to a new consciousness and body."[13]
- ^ Ignorance and craving:
- John Bowker: "In Buddhism, samsāra is the cycle of continuing appearances through the domains of existence (gati), but with no Self (anātman, [ātman means the enduring, immortal self]) being reborn: there is only the continuity of consequence, governed by karma."[web 1]
- Chogyam Trungpa states: "Cyclic existence [is] the continual repetitive cycle of birth, death, and bardo that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. (...) Samsara arises out of ignorance and is characterized by suffering."[20] Chogyam Trungpa's description includes a reference to the bardo, or intermediate state, that is emphasized in the Tibetan tradition.
- Huston Smith and Philip Novak state: "The Buddha taught that beings, confused as they are by ignorant desires and fears, are caught in a vicious cycle called samsara, freedom from which—nirvana—was the highest human end."[21]
Referensi
- ^ a b Wilson 2010.
- ^ Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011, hlm. 271-272.
- ^ McClelland 2010, hlm. 172, 240.
- ^ Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012, hlm. 18–19, chapter 1.
- ^ Buswell 2004, hlm. 711-712.
- ^ a b Buswell & Gimello 1992, hlm. 7–8, 83–84.
- ^ a b Choong 1999, hlm. 28–29, Quote: "Seeing (passati) the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana.".
- ^ a b Rahula 2014, hlm. 51-58.
- ^ Laumakis 2008, hlm. 97.
- ^ http://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3 Diarsipkan 2017-03-30 di Wayback Machine. - SN 15.3 Assu-sutta
- ^ Bowker 1997.
- ^ Gethin 1998, hlm. 119.
- ^ a b Ajahn Sucitto 2010, hlm. 37-38.
- ^ a b Keown 2000, Kindle locations 702-706.
- ^ Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. hlm. 248. ISBN 9780198605607.
- ^ Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press Incorporated. hlm. 248. ISBN 9780198605607.
Although not mentioned by name, samsara is the situation that is characterized as suffering (*duhkha) in the first of the *Four Noble Truths (aryasatya).
- ^ Williams 2002, hlm. 74-75.
- ^ Keown 2004, hlm. 81, 281.
- ^ Fowler 1999, hlm. 39–42.
- ^ Chogyam Trungpa 2009, hlm. 137.
- ^ Smith & Novak 2009, Kindle Location 2574.
- ^ Trainor 2004, hlm. 62–63.
- ^ Conze 2013, hlm. 71.
- ^ Keown, Damien (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. hlm. 248. ISBN 9780198605607.
The word samsara does not appear in the *Vedas, but the notion of cyclic birth and death is an ancient one and dates to around 800 BCE.
Situs web
- ^ John Bowker. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 24 November 2012 "Saṃsāra." Diarsipkan 2010-10-23 di Wayback Machine.;
John Bowker (2014). God: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. hlm. 84–86. ISBN 978-0-19-870895-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-22. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
Daftar pustaka
- Ajahn Sucitto (2010), Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching, Shambhala
- Anderson, Carol (1999), Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Routledge
- Bowker, John, ed. (1997), The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford
- Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
- Buswell, Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (1992), Paths to Liberation: The Mārga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-1253-9, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-24, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Macmillan Reference USA, ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9
- Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald, ed. (2013), Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691157863
- Chogyam Trungpa (2009), The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation (edited by Judy Leif), Shambhala
- Choong, Mun-Keat (1999), The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1649-7, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-27, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Cohen, Robert S. (2006). Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity. Routledge.
- Conze, Edward (2013), Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-54231-4, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-08-31, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Dalai Lama (1992), The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom
- Edelglass, William; et al. (2009), Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-532817-2, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-02-24, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Flores, Ralph (2009), Buddhist Scriptures as Literature: Sacred Rhetoric and the Uses of Theory, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-7340-5, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-24, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Fowler, Merv (1999), Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-898723-66-0, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-21, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
- Gethin, Rupert (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press
- Gombrich, Richard F. (1997). How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-19639-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
- Gombrich, Richard F. (2006). How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-19639-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
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- Padmanabh Jaini (1980). Wendy Doniger, ed. Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03923-0.
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- Keown, Damien (2013). Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966383-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-23. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
- Keown, Damien (2000), Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition
- Keown, Damien (2004), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-157917-2
- Laumakis, Stephen J. (2008). An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46966-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-21. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-25.
- McClelland, Norman C. (2010), Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-5675-8, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-26, diakses tanggal 2016-09-25
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- Sogyal Rinpoche (2009), The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying, Harper Collins, Kindle Edition
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- Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, BRILL
- Waldron, William S. (2003), The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist Thought, Routledge
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- Wilson, Jeff (2010), Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141, ISBN 9780195393521