Modernisme Buddhis

Modernisme Buddhis (juga disebut Buddhisme modern,^[1] Buddhisme modernis,^[2] Neo-Buddhisme,^[3] dan Buddhisme Protestan^[4]) adalah gerakan baru yang berdasarkan pada penafsiran ulang era modern dari Buddhisme.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] David McMahan menyatakan bahwa modernisme dalam Buddhisme mirip dengan gerakan-gerakan yang ditemukan dalam agama lainnya. Sumber pengaruhnya beragam, yaitu keterlibatan komunitas dan guru Buddhis dengan budaya dan metodologi baru seperti "monoteisme Barat; rasionalisme dan naturalisme ilmiah; dan ekspresivisme Romantis". Pengaruh monoteisme adalah internalisasi dewa-dewi Buddhis agar dapat diterima dalam masyarakat Barat modern,^[9] sementara naturalisme ilmiah dan romantisme telah mempengaruhi penekanan pada kehidupan saat ini, pertahanan empiris, penalaran, manfaat psikologis, dan manfaat kesehatan.^[10]

Gerakan Neo-Buddhisme berbeda dalam ajaran dan praktiknya dari aliran-aliran Theravada, Mahayana, dan Vajrayana yang historis dan umum. Sebagai hasil kerja sama antara orientalis Barat dan penganut Asia yang berpikiran reformis, modernisme Buddhis telah menjadi perumusan ulang konsep-konsep Buddhis yang telah mengurangi penekanan pada doktrin, kosmologi, ritual, monastisisme, hierarki monastik (biksu-biksuni), dan pemujaan ikon Buddha tradisional.^[11] Istilah ini mulai populer selama studi agama-agama Asia pada era kolonial dan pasca-kolonial, dan ditemukan dalam sumber-sumber seperti artikel Louis de La Vallée-Poussin tahun 1910.^[12]

Contoh gerakan dan tradisi modernisme Buddhis meliputi Buddhisme Humanistik; Buddhisme Sekuler; Buddhisme Terjun Aktif; Navayana; organisasi awam baru yang diprakarsai Jepang dari aliran Buddhisme Nichiren, seperti Soka Gakkai, Liga Pemuda untuk Revitalisasi Buddhisme Girō Seno'o; gerakan Dobokai dan turunannya, seperti Buddhisme Esa, Sanbo Kyodan, dan aktivitas misionaris guru Zen di Amerika Serikat; Tradisi Kadampa Baru dan aktivitas misionaris guru Buddhisme Tibet di Barat (memimpin gerakan Buddhis yang berkembang pesat di Prancis); Gerakan Vipassana; Triratna Buddhist Community; Dharma Drum Mountain; Fo Guang Shan; Buddhisme Won; Great Western Vehicle; Tzu Chi; dan Juniper Foundation.

Referensi

^ Lopez (2002), p. 10
^ Prebish/Baumann, 2002
^ H. L. Seneviratne (1999). The Work of Kings. University of Chicago Press. hlm. 25–27. ISBN 978-0-226-74866-5.
^ McMahan, David L. (30 Maret 2015). "Buddhist Modernism". Oxford Bibliographies (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-10-13.
^ David L. McMahan (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 5–7, 32–33, 43–52. ISBN 978-0-19-988478-0.
^ Christopher W. Gowans (2014). Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction. Routledge. hlm. 18–23, 91–94. ISBN 978-1-317-65935-8.
^ Stephen R. Prothero (1996). The White Buddhist: the Asian odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott. Indiana University Press. hlm. 128. ISBN 9780253330147. , Quote: "In addition to a restatement of the Four Noble Truths and the Five Precepts for lay Buddhists, the fourteen propositions included: an affirmation of religious tolerance and of the evolution of the universe, a rejection of supernaturalism, heaven or hell, and superstition, and an emphasis on education and the use of reason."
^ Donald S. Lopez (2012). The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life. Yale University Press. hlm. 39–43, 57–60, 74–76, 122–124. ISBN 978-0-300-15913-4.
^ McMahan 2008, hlm. 54.
^ McMahan 2008, hlm. 63-68, 85-99, 114–116, 177, 250-251.
^ McMahan, David L. (2010), Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0041
^ de la Vallee Poussin, Louis (1910). "VI. Buddhist Notes: Vedanta and Buddhism". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press. 42 (1): 129–140. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00081697. , Quote: "A historical study of Neo-Buddhism would be very interesting, as an episode of the intellectual conquest of the East by the West and vice versa."

Daftar pustaka

Chitkara, M. G. (1998), Buddhism, Reincarnation, and Dalai Lamas of Tibet, APH
Coleman, James William (2002). The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515241-8.
Flanagan, Owen (2014), Science for Monks: Buddhism and Science: A BIT of The Really Hard Problem, MIT Press
Hayes, Richard P. (2013), "The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism", dalam Queen, Christopher; Williams, Duncan Ryuken, American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship, Routledge
Keown, Damien (2000). Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction (edisi ke-Kindle). Oxford University Press.
Konik, Adrian (2009), Buddhism and Transgression: The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West, BRIIL
Lamb, Christopher (2001), "Cosmology, myth and symbolism", dalam Harvey, Peter, Buddhism, Bloomsbury Publishing
Trainor, Kevin (2004), Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7
James, Alan; Jacqui, James (1989). Modern Buddhism. Aucana. ISBN 0-9511769-1-9.
James, William (June 1902). The varieties of religious experience : a study in human nature. London: Longmans, Green & Co. hlm. 534. ISBN 0-585-23263-6.
Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2006). "When Buddhism Became a "Religion": Religion and Superstition in the Writings of Inoue Enryō". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 33 (1): 143–168.
Lopez, Jr., Donald S. (2008). Buddhism & science : a guide for the perplexed. Buddhism and modernity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-49312-1.
Lopez, Jr., Donald S. (2002). A Modern Buddhist Bible. Beacon Press Books. ISBN 0-8070-1243-2.
Masuzawa, Tomoko (May 2005). The invention of world religions, or, How European universalism was preserved in the language of pluralism (edisi ke-1st). University of Chicago Press. hlm. 359. ISBN 978-0-226-50988-4.
McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183276.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6
Metraux, Daniel A. (2001). The International Expansion of a Modern Buddhist Movement: The Soka Gakkai in Southeast Asia and Australia. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-1904-2.
Prebish, Charles S.; Baumann, Martin (2002). Westward Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23490-1.
Satō, Giei; Nishimura, Nishin (1973). Unsui: a Diary of Zen Monastic Life (edisi ke-illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 114. ISBN 978-0-8248-0272-1. Diakses tanggal 28 May 2009.
Sharf, Robert H. (August 1993). "The Zen of Japanese Nationalism". History of Religions. The University of Chicago Press. 33 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1086/463354. ISSN 0018-2710. JSTOR 1062782.
Suzuki, D. T. (1996) [1956]. Barrett, William, ed. Zen Buddhism : selected writings of D.T. Suzuki. New York: Three Leaves. hlm. 294. ISBN 978-0-385-48349-0.
Verhoeven, Martin (1998). "Americanizing the Buddha: Paul Carus and the Transformation of Asian Thought". Dalam Prebish, Charles; Tanaka, Kenneth. The faces of Buddhism in America. University of California Press. hlm. 370. ISBN 978-0-520-21301-2.

Bacaan tambahan

Sharf, R H (1995). Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of meditative experience, Numen 42, 228-283
McMahan, DL (2004). Modernity and the early discourse of scientific Buddhism, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 72 (4), 897-933
Webb, Russel (2005). Heinz Bechert 26 June 1932-14 June 2005, Buddhist Studies Review 22 (2), 211-216

[1] Lopez (2002), p. 10

[2] Prebish/Baumann, 2002

[3] H. L. Seneviratne (1999). The Work of Kings. University of Chicago Press. hlm. 25–27. ISBN 978-0-226-74866-5.

[4] McMahan, David L. (30 Maret 2015). "Buddhist Modernism". Oxford Bibliographies (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2024-10-13.

[5] David L. McMahan (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 5–7, 32–33, 43–52. ISBN 978-0-19-988478-0.

[gowans91-6] Christopher W. Gowans (2014). Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction. Routledge. hlm. 18–23, 91–94. ISBN 978-1-317-65935-8.

[7] Stephen R. Prothero (1996). The White Buddhist: the Asian odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott. Indiana University Press. hlm. 128. ISBN 9780253330147. , Quote: "In addition to a restatement of the Four Noble Truths and the Five Precepts for lay Buddhists, the fourteen propositions included: an affirmation of religious tolerance and of the evolution of the universe, a rejection of supernaturalism, heaven or hell, and superstition, and an emphasis on education and the use of reason."

[lopez39-8] Donald S. Lopez (2012). The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life. Yale University Press. hlm. 39–43, 57–60, 74–76, 122–124. ISBN 978-0-300-15913-4.

[FOOTNOTEMcMahan200854-9] McMahan 2008, hlm. 54.

[FOOTNOTEMcMahan200863-68,_85-99,_114–116,_177,_250-251-10] McMahan 2008, hlm. 63-68, 85-99, 114–116, 177, 250-251.

[mcmahanoup1-11] McMahan, David L. (2010), Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0041

[poussin129-12] Vallee Poussin, Louis (1910). "VI. Buddhist Notes: Vedanta and Buddhism". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press. 42 (1): 129–140. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00081697. , Quote: "A historical study of Neo-Buddhism would be very interesting, as an episode of the intellectual conquest of the East by the West and vice versa."

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