Dinasti Safawiyah

Negara Agung Iran Raya
ملک وسیع‌الفضای ایران
Negara Iran
**مملکت ایران**

Dinasti Safawiyyah^[1]^[2]
سلسلهٔ صفويان
Negara Agung Iran Raya; ملک وسیع‌الفضای ایران; Negara Iran; مملکت ایران; Dinasti Safawiyyah; سلسلهٔ صفويان
1501–1736
	Bendera Safawiyyah sejak abad ke-17. Salah satu lambang Safawiyyah.
	Peta Globe negeri Safawiyyah Iran
	Peta pembagian Administrasi Pemerintahan di Persia selama Dinasti Safawi
Status	Kekaisaran
Ibu kota	Tabriz; (1501–1555); Qazvin; (1555–1598); Isfahan; (1598–1722);
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Persia dan Azerbaijan
Agama	Syiah
Pemerintahan	Monarki
Shahanshah
• 1501–24	Ismail I
• 1524–76	Tahmasp I
• 1587–1629	Abbas I
• 1694–1722	Sultan Husayn
• 1729–32	Tahmasp II (restorasi)
• 1732–36	Abbas III
Wazir Agung
• 1501-07	Mohammad Zakariya Kujuji
• 1731–36	Nader Afshar (Restorasi)
Sejarah
• Pendirian tarekat Safawiyyah oleh Safi-ad-din Ardabili	1301
• Kampanye Ismail dan Pendirian negara Safawiyah	1501
• Serangan Hotaki	1722
• Penaklukan kembali oleh Nader Afshar	1726–29
• Nader Shah dimahkotai	1 Oktober 1736
Luas
	2.850.000 km2 (1.100.000 sq mi)
Mata uang	Tuman, Abbasi, Shahi. 1 Tuman = 50 Abbasi.; 1 Tuman = 50 French Livre.; 1 Tuman = £3 6s 8d.;
Didahului oleh	Digantikan oleh
	ksrKekaisaran Timuriyah
	Ak Koyunlu
dnsDinasti Hotaki
dnsDinasti Afshariyah
kslKesultanan Utsmaniyah
Sekarang bagian dari	Daftar Afganistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Georgia; Iran; Iraq; Kuwait; Pakistan; Rusia; Suriah; Turki; Turkmenistan;
	Sunting kotak info • Lihat • BicaraBantuan penggunaan templat ini

Dinasti Safawiyah (bahasa Persia: سلسلهٔ صفويان; bahasa Azerbaijan: صفویلر) adalah salah satu dinasti terpenting dalam sejarah Iran. Dinasti ini merupakan salah satu negeri Syiah terbesar semenjak runtuhnya Dinasti Syiah Fatimiyyah.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] Negeri ini juga menjadikan Syiah sebagai agama resmi,^[16] sehingga menjadi salah satu titik penting dalam sejarah Muslim. Safawiyyah berkuasa dari tahun 1501 hingga 1722 (mengalami restorasi singkat dari tahun 1729 hingga 1736). Pada puncak kejayaannya, wilayah Safawiyyah meliputi Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, sebagian besar Irak, Georgia, Afganistan, Kaukasus, dan sebagian Pakistan, Turkmenistan dan Turki. Safawiyyah merupakan salah satu negeri mesiu Islam selain Dinasti Qajar dan Dinasti Pahlevi .

Meskipun jatuh pada tahun 1736, salah satu warisan terbesarnya adalah kebangkitan Persia sebagai benteng ekonomi antara timur dan barat, pendirian negara yang efisien dan birokrasi yang didasarkan pada "check and balance" (bahasa Indonesia: "memeriksa dan menyeimbangkan"), dan inovasi arsitektur dan seni. Selain itu, karena Safawiyyah pula Syiah menyebar ke seluruh Iran dan daerah sekitarnya.

Dinasti itu berasal dari Kurdi yang beremigrasi dari Kurdistan ke Ardabil.^[17]

Asal usul Dinasti Safawiyah

Dinasti Safawiyah bermula dari gerakan Sufi di kawasan Azarbaijan yang disebut Safawiyeh. Pendiri gerakan Sufi ini ialah Sheikh Safi Al-Din^[18] (1252–1334).

Sheikh Safī al-Dīn Abdul Fath Is'haq Ardabilī berasal dari Ardabil, sebuah kota di wilayah Azerbaijan Iran. Ia merupakan anak murid seorang imam Sufi iaitu Sheikh Zahed Gilani (1216–1301, dari Lahijan.) Safi Al-Din kemudian mengganti ajaran Sufi ini menjadi ajaran Syiah sebagai tanggapan terhadap serangan tentara Mongol di wilayah Azerbaijan. Pada abad ke-15, Safawiyah kemudian berubah karakter dan menjadi militan di bawah Syekh Junayd dan Syekh Haydar. Kemudian mulai meluaskan pengaruh dan kekuasaannya dalam bidang politik dan militer ke seluruh Iran dan berhasil merebut seluruh Iran dari pemerintahan Timuriyah.

Berkuasa atas Iran Persia

Pada abad ke-15, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah mulai memasuki daerah orang Persia, mengakibatkan Perang Utsmaniyah-Safawiyah. Sebagai balasan, pengikut Safawiyah dari Ardabil merebut Tabriz dari Turki di bawah pimpinan Alwand. Safawiyah kemudian dipimpin oleh Ismail I dan di bawah pemerintahannya, Tabriz menjadi ibu kota dinasti Safawiyah dan ia sendiri mendapat gelar Shah Azerbaijan. Kemudian, Ismail I berhasil mencapai barat laut Iran dan merebut semua wilayah Iran dari Turki. Pada tahun 1511, tentara Uzbek berhasil diusir. Ketika Ismail I berkuasa ia menjadikan bahasa Azeri sebagai bahasa resmi.

Pada masa kejayaannya ini disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu Negeri Mesiu Syiah dan juga memiliki pengaruh yang kuat di wilayah Timur Tengah. Sehingga termasuk dalam salah satu Kekuatan Besar pada masa itu. Ismail memiliki korps musketir (tofangchi) berjumlah 8.000 dan pada 1521 sekitar 20.000. Setelah Abbas Agung mereformasi tentara (sekitar 1598), pasukan Safawi hanya memiliki pasukan 12.000 prajuris bersenjata api.^[19] Beberapa Penguasa juga melakukan diplomasi dengan Kerajaan Eropa, seperti dengan Dinasti Habsburg.

Kejayaan Safawiyah mulai surut pada abad ke 17. Raja-raja Safawiyah semakin lama semakin tidak efisien dan hidup berfoya-foya. Iran juga terus diserang oleh Turki Utsmaniyah, Afghan dan Arab. Pada tahun 1698, Kerman direbut oleh orang Baloch, sementara Khorasan ditaklukan oleh orang Afghan pada tahun 1717. Selain itu, Safawiyah turut berhadapan dengan ancaman baru yaitu Kekaisaran Rusia di sebelah utara dan serangan tentara Mughal di sebelah timur. Lebih buruk lagi, ekonomi Safawiyah merosot akibat perubahan jalur perdagangan antara timur dan barat, sehingga Jalur Sutera tidak lagi digunakan. Dinasti Safawi ditaklukan dan Iran dikuasai oleh Dinasti Hotak dari Afganistan dari tahun 1722 -1729, hingga Restorasi Dinasti Safawi dengan bantuan Jenderal Nader Shah.

Setelah itu Shah hanyalah penguasa boneka yang dikendalikan Jenderal. Pada tahun 1736, jenderal Nader Shah mengambil alih kekuasaan sekaligus mengakhiri pemerintahan Safawiyah di Iran dan mendirikan Dinasti Afshariyah

Silsiah keluarga

Pemimpin Tarekat

Sheikh Taj Al-Dīn Zahed Gilanī (Zahidiyah)
Sheikh Safī Al-Dīn Abolfath Is'hāq Ardabilī (Safawiyah)
Sheikh Sadr al-Dīn Mūsā
Sheikh Khoja Alā ad-Dīn Ali
Sheikh Ibrahim Shāh
Sheikh Junāyd
Sheikh Haydar Safavi Sultan
Sultan Ali Safawi (Saudara Shah Ismail I)
Shah Ismail I

Penguasa Iran

Ismail I 1501–1524
Tahmasp I 1524–1576
Ismail II 1576–1578
Mohammad Khodabanda 1578–1587
Abbas I 1587–1629
Safi 1629–1642
Abbas II 1642–1666
Suleiman I 1666–1694
Sultan Husayn 1694–1722
Tahmasp II 1729–1732
Abbas III 1732–1736
Suleiman II 1749–1750 (cucu Suleiman I)
Ismail III 1750–1751, 1751-1773 (cucu Sultan Husayn)

Lihat pula

foot note

^ "Safavid dynasty". Britannica.
^ ^a ^b "Safavid Persia". Books. Google.
^ Ingvild Flaskerud (26 November 2010). Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism. Continuum International Publishing Group. hlm. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-4411-4907-7. Diakses tanggal 24 July 2011.
^ ...Lambang Singa dan Matahari, tetap digunakan sejak abad 17 hingga akhir era Monarki. Sebagai bendera Nasional Safawiyah, singa merepresentasikan Ali dan matahari sebagai kemenangan aliran Syiah, Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands : Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection, Prestel, 2004, p. 178.
^ Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".
^ Mazzaoui, Michel B (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 86–7. ISBN 0-521-52291-9, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).
^ Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 213. ISBN 0-521-04251-8, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times
^ Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
^ Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 66. ISBN 1-57607-993-7, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.
^
^ Ferrier, RW, A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire, p. ix.
^ Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, hal. 313.
^ Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, hal. 145.
^ Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
^ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).
^ RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.
^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/empires-safavid-and-qajar
^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Edisi XII, muka surat 873, edisi awal: " Persien (Geschichte des neupersischen Reichs)", (LINK Diarsipkan 2007-10-10 di Wayback Machine.)
^ Savory, Roger. (1980). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22483-3. OCLC 5354386.

Pranala luar

History of the Safavids on Iran Chamber
"Safavid dynasty", Encyclopædia Iranica by Rudi Matthee
The History Files: Rulers of Persia
BBC History of Religion
Iranian culture and history site Diarsipkan 2005-08-31 di Wayback Machine.
Artistic and cultural history of the Safavids from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
History of Safavid art
A Study of the Migration of Shi'i Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. Diarsipkan 2007-10-08 di Wayback Machine.
Why is Safavid history important? (Iran Chamber Society)
Historiography During the Safawid Era Diarsipkan 2010-06-16 di Wayback Machine.
NEWMAN, Andrew J. Safavid Iran - Rebirth of a Persian Empire. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2009.
"IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", Encyclopædia Iranica by Hamid Algar

[1] "Safavid dynasty". Britannica.

[gBooks-2] "Safavid Persia". Books. Google.

[Flaskerud2010-3] Ingvild Flaskerud (26 November 2010). Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism. Continuum International Publishing Group. hlm. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-4411-4907-7. Diakses tanggal 24 July 2011.

[4] ...Lambang Singa dan Matahari, tetap digunakan sejak abad 17 hingga akhir era Monarki. Sebagai bendera Nasional Safawiyah, singa merepresentasikan Ali dan matahari sebagai kemenangan aliran Syiah, Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands : Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection, Prestel, 2004, p. 178.

[5] Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".

[mazzaoui-6] Mazzaoui, Michel B (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 86–7. ISBN 0-521-52291-9, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).

[savory07-7] Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 213. ISBN 0-521-04251-8, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times

[cambridgesafa-8] Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."

[price-9] Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 66. ISBN 1-57607-993-7, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 Periksa nilai: invalid character |isbn= (bantuan). The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.

[10] ^

[11] Ferrier, RW, A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire, p. ix.

[12] Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, hal. 313.

[13] Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, hal. 145.

[14] Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.

[15] Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).

[savoryeiref-16] RM Savory, Safavids, Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed.

[17] ttps://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/empires-safavid-and-qajar

[Meyers-18] Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Edisi XII, muka surat 873, edisi awal: " Persien (Geschichte des neupersischen Reichs)", (LINK Diarsipkan 2007-10-10 di Wayback Machine.)

[19] Savory, Roger. (1980). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22483-3. OCLC 5354386.

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