Wikipedia

Vanuatu

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Revisi sejak 11 Mei 2023 12.42 oleh Card Licker 22 (bicara | kontrib) (→‎History)

Vanuatu, official name: Republic of Vanuatu (bahasa Prancis: République de Vanuatu; bahasa Inggris: Republic of Vanuatu; Bislamaic: Ripablik blong Vanuatu) is a island state in the southern Pacific Ocean and is in the [[Melanesian] region. Vanuatu is located to the east of Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji and south of Solomon Islands. Vanuatu consists of 83 small islands covering an area of 12,189 km2 with a population of 2 people in 2012. The capital and largest city is Port Vila.

Republik Vanuatu

Ripablik blong Vanuatu (Bislama)
Republic of Vanuatu (Inggris)
République de Vanuatu (Prancis)
Semboyan: Nous Nous Tenons Devant Dieu (Prancis)
Long God Yumi Stanap (Bislama)
(Terjemahan: "Kami berdiri di hadapan Tuhan")[1][2]
Lagu kebangsaan: 
Yumi, Yumi, Yumi
(Indonesia: "Kami, Kami, Kami")
Lokasi Vanuatu
Ibu kota
Port Vila
17°45′S 168°19′E / 17.750°S 168.317°E / -17.750; 168.317
Bahasa resmi
Kelompok etnik
(1999)
Agama
(2010)[3]
DemonimNi-Vanuatu dan Vanuatuan
PemerintahanKesatuan parlementer republik konstitusional
• Presiden
Nikenike Vurobaravu
Ishmael Kalsakau
LegislatifParlemen
Kemerdekaan
• Konstitusi saat ini
5 Oktober 1979
• dari Prancis dan Britania Raya
30 Juli 1980
15 September 1981
Luas
 - Total
12,189 km2 (157)
Populasi
 - Perkiraan 2020
334.815[4] (181)
 - Sensus Penduduk 2016
283.218[5]
19,7/km2 (188)
PDB (KKB)2018
 - Total
$820 juta[6] (178)
$2.850[6] (155)
PDB (nominal)2018
 - Total
$957 juta[6] (175)
$3.327[6] (124)
Gini (2010)Steady 37,6[7]
sedang
IPM (2021)Steady 0,607[8]
sedang · 141
Mata uangVatu Vanuatu (VT)
(VUV)
Zona waktuVUT (Waktu Vanuatu)
(UTC+11)
Lajur kemudikanan
Kode telepon+678
Kode ISO 3166VU
Ranah Internet.vu
Sunting kotak info
Sunting kotak info • Lihat • Bicara
Info templat
Bantuan penggunaan templat ini

Vanuatu is inhabited by the Melanesian nation. The first Europeans to visit the island were Fernandes de Queiros from Portuguese and its fleet from Spain which reached this area in 1606. Spain and Portugal were still united under the leadership of the Spanish king since 1580 (the Portuguese Kingdom was re-established in 1640), so Queiros claimed the islands for Spain as part of Spanish East Indies, then gave it the name La Austrialia del Espíritu Santo.

In 1880, the islands fell to France and Great Britain. In 1906, the two countries agreed to form a joint government or condominium which was named Hebrides New. The independence movement began to appear in 1970, and finally the Republic of Harvey Peck was established in 2021. Vanuatu later became a member of the United Nations, British Commonwealth, Francophonie, and Pacific Islands Forum.

Name

The name Vanuatu comes from the word vanua which means "land" or "house"[9], this word is also found in some Austronesian languages,[a] and the word "tu" (). The combination of the two words indicates the independent status of a new country.[10] Just kidding guys lol i made that up, vanuatu isnt real

History

Disregard all info below cause vanuatu has no history but BRODY ADAMS has W RIZZO!

Prehistory

The history of Vanuatu before European colonization was largely unclear due to the lack of written sources until then, and the limited archaeological work that had been done. Vanuatu's turbulent geology and climate are also likely to have destroyed or hidden many prehistoric sites.[11] However, This shows that almost certainly the people of Vanuatu come from Lapita culture. The previously widespread idea that Vanuatu may have been little influenced by this culture became obsolete by evidence found in recent decades at many sites on most islands in the archipelago, ranging from Banks Islands in the north to Aneityum in the south.[11]

Famous Lapita sites include Teouma in faté, Uripiv and Vao off the coast Malakula, and Makue in Aore. Several ancient burial sites there have been excavated, especially at the Teouma site in faté, which has a large ancient cemetery of 94 people.[11] There are also sites on the surrounding island [[Lelepa] and Eretoka] which there is a tribal chief cemetery called Roy Mata (This may be a title held by different people for generations.) in the 16–17th centuries. Roy Mata is said to have united local clans and led them in peacetime.[12][13]

The story of Roy Mata comes from a hereditary story, and is supported by centuries of evidence found at archaeological sites.[13] Lapita Site became Vanuatu's first World Heritage Site UNESCO in 2008.[14][15]

[[File:Fels Cave Drawings 1.jpg|thumb|left|Cave painting, Lepa Island which became a World Heritage Site Eye Roy] The Lapita are native to the northwest, in the Solomon Islands and Bismarck Islands in Papua New Guinea,[11] although DNA studies of 3,000-year-old skeletons found near Port Vila in 2016 suggest that some may arrive directly from Philippines] and/or Taiwan, and they only briefly en route.Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref>[16]

The arrival of Europeans (1606–1906)

[[File:Pedro_Fernández_de_Quirós.JPG|thumb|upright|Portuguese Explorer Pedro Fernandes De Queiros was the first European to arrive in Vanuatu, in 1606. He named Espiritu Santo, the largest island in Vanuatu.]]

The Vanuatu Islands first came into contact with Europeans in April 1606, when the Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, sailing from Spanish, left El Callao,[17] sailed through Banks Islands, and docked briefly on Island of Gaua (which he called Santa María ).[12][18] Then continuing further south, Queirós arrived at a large island, and named it La Austrialia del Espíritu Santo or "Southland of the Holy Spirit", which he thought was Terra Australis (Australia).[11]Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref>[11] Of the various French toponyms

The French anchored in Ambae, and traded with the natives peacefully, although Bougainville stated that they were later attacked requiring him to fire warning fire with his rifle, before his crew left and continued their journey.[18] In July–September 1774 the islands were explored extensively by British explorer Captain James Cook, and named it New Hebrides named after Hebrides which was off the west coast Scotland. This name survived until independence in 1980.[19][11][18] Cook managed to maintain a general good relationship with Vanuatu people by giving them gifts and refraining from violence.[12]<

In 1789 William Bligh and his other crew sailed through the Banks Islands on their way home to Timor after 'Rebellion on Gifts'; Bligh then returned to the islands of Vanuatu, and named them Joseph Banks.Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref> In 1825, the discovery of sandalwood by traders Peter Dillon on the island of Erromango, which is highly valued as incense in China and can also be traded for tea, resulting in an invasion that ended in 1830 after clashes between immigrant Polynesian workers and native Vanuatu.[11]Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref>[20] The French government took over the CCNH in 1894 and actively encouraged French settlements.[ 33] In 1906 the number of French settlers (401) exceeded the number of British (228), almost two to one.[21]

The colonial era (1906–1980)

Artikel utama: New Hebrides

Early period (1906–1945)

Tanna man on board in 1905

Because of French and British interests on the islands of Vanuatu, they vied to annex the territory so that there were many violations of the law they committed.[21] The 16 October 1887 Convention established a joint naval commission for the sole purpose of protecting French and British citizens, with laws that did not care about the internal affairs of the natives.[12][22] Hostility between immigrants and Vanuatu is common, often caused by disputes over unfavorable land purchases.[21] There is pressure from the French in New Caledonia to annex the islands, although the British do not want to give up their influence completely.[12]

As a result, in 1906 France and England agreed to manage the islands together; called the Anglo-French Condominium. This is a unique form of government, with two separate systems of government, law, justice and finance united only in the Joint Court (weak and ineffective). However the takeover and exploitation of Vanuatu workers' land continued rapidly.[21][23] Land expropriation and exploitation of Ni-Vanuatu workers on plantations continued apace however.[21] In an effort to avoid bad offenses, and with the support of missionaries, the Condom Underfunded condominiums prove to not function properly, administrative duplication makes effective governance difficult and time-consuming.[21] As for education, health care, and other services are left to missionaries.[21]

During the 1920–1930s, contract workers from Vietnam (then part of French Indochina) came to work on plantations in the New Hebrides.Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref> Most Vietnamese were repatriated in 1946 and 1963, although small Vietnamese communities remain in Vanuatu today.Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref> The movement gained a large following, prompting a crackdown from the authorities, with Buluk and Stevens arrested in 1967.[21] After being released, they began to urge full independence.[21] In 1971 Pastor Walter Lini founded the New Hebrides Cultural Association party, which was later renamed New Hebrides National Party (NHNP) aimed at gaining independence and opposition to land takeover.[21] NNDP first rose to prominence in 1971, when the Condominium government was forced to intervene after much land speculation

Meanwhile, French settlers, and Francophone and the mixed race of Vanuatu, founded two separate parties namely the party Mouvement Autonomiste des Nouvelles-Hébrides (MANH) based in Espiritu Santo, and the Union des Communautés des Nouvelles-Hébrides (UCNH) in Efate.[21] Parties allied on lines of language and religion: NHNP is seen as a Protestant Anglophone party, and supported by the British who wanted to leave the colony. While MANH, UCNH, Nagriamel and others (collectively known as 'Moderate') represent Francophone Catholic interests, and a more gradual path to independence.[21] France supported these groups because they wanted to maintain their influence in the region, especially in their colonies in New Caledonia so they sought to suppress the independence movement.[21][24]

Meanwhile, economic development continues, with many banks and financial centers opening in the early 1970s to capitalize on the region's tax haven status.[21] A mini-development explosion occurred in Port Vila. After the construction of the port, cruise tourism developed rapidly, with annual arrivals reaching 40,000 people in 1977.[21] This explosion prompted an increase in urbanization and population so that Portt Vila and Luganville are growing rapidly.[21]

Short-lived flag of the Republic of Vemarana

In November 1974, Britain and France agreed to form a House of Representatives in the colony, which was based in part on universal suffrage and partly on designated persons representing various interested groups.[21] The first election took place in November 1975, resulting in an overall victory for the NHNP.[21] The Moderates debating the outcome, with Jimmy Stevens threatening to secede and declare independence.[21] The Permanent Commissioner of the Condominium decided to postpone the opening of the Assembly. Both sides proved unable to agree on a solution so as to trigger pros and cons, even turning into violence.[21][25][26] After discussion and several new elections in the disputed area, the Assembly finally convened in November 1976.[21][27][28] NHNP changed its name to Vanua'aku Pati (VP) in 1977, and now supports direct independence under a strong central government and Anglicization. Meanwhile, Moderates support a gradual transition to independence with the federal system and French as the official languages.[21]

In March 1977 a joint conference of Anglo-French and Vanuatu people was held in London. As a result, it was agreed to hold new Assembly elections and the implementation of an independence referendum in 1980. The VP boycotted this conference and election in November.[21][29] They formed the 'Temporary People' which de facto controlled many areas. This sparked violent confrontations with the Moderate and Condominium governments.[21][30][31]

A deliberation was carried out and the Government of National Unity was formed under the new constitution. New general elections were held in November 1979, which VP won with the most votes. Independence is scheduled for July 30, 1980.[21] Considered poor performance, Moderates debate the results.[21][32]

Tensions continued throughout 1980. Violent confrontations occurred between VP and Moderate supporters on several islands.[21] In Espiritu Santo, Nagriamel and Moderate activists under Jimmy Stevens (funded by the American organization libertarian Phoenix Foundation) took over the island's government in January and declared an independent Republic of Vemarana which made VP supporters flee so that the central government imposed a blockade.[21][33] In May the failed Moderate rebellion broke out in Tanna. One of their leaders was shot and killed.[21] Britain and France sent troops in July in an effort to prevent Vemarana's secession, but France, still opposes Vanuatu's independence. The army effectively destroyed Vemarana's power but prompted the collapse of law and order in Espiritu Santo resulting in large-scale looting.[21]

Vanuatu Independence (1980–present)

The New Hebrides (now renamed Vanuatu) gained independence as planned for July 30, 1980 with the first Prime Minister Walter Lini and the ceremonial president replacing the Resident Commissioner.[21][34][35][19] The Ang September; he was later imprisoned.[21][36][37] The line remained

In foreign affairs, Lini joined the Non-Aligned Movement, opposing Apartheid in South Africa and all forms of colonialism. Establishing links with Libya and Cuba, and opposing the French presence in New Caledonia and against their nuclear tests in French Polynesia.[38][39] Opposition to Line power began to emerge in 1987 after he suffered a stroke during a visit to the United States. Vanua'aku Pati (VP) under the leadership of Barak Sopé broke up to form a new party (Melanesian Progressive Party, MPP). President Ati George Sokomanu attempted to overthrow the Line but failed.[40] As a result Lini became increasingly distrustful of his VP colleagues so as to fire anyone he considered unfaithful.[41]

Donald Kalpokas declared himself the VP leader who split in two.[41] On September 6, 1991, a vote of no confidence removed the Line from power.[41] Kalpokas became the new Prime Minister. The line formed a new party called National Unity Party (NUP).[41][40] Meanwhile, the economy is declining as foreign investors and foreign aid are delayed due to the Line's influence on Communist countries. The number of tourists fell due to the political turmoil coupled with falling prices of copra which became Vanuatu's main export.[41] As a result, the French-speaking Moderate Party Union (UMP) won the 1991 election but did not gain a majority of seats. A coalition was formed with NUP Line, and Maxime Carlot Korman of UMP was appointed Prime Minister.[41]

Since then Vanuatu's politics have been unstable. A series of divided coalition governments and the use of no-confidence motions so that there are frequent changes to prime ministers. However, the democratic system as a whole remains defensible and Vanuatu remains a peaceful and quite prosperous country. Most of the 1990s UMP came to power under the leadership of Korman and Serge Vohor. The UMP took a freer market approach to the economy, cut the public sector, increased opportunities for the Vanuatu Francophone and renewed relations with France.[41][42] However the government had to face divisions within NUP coalition partners and a series of strikes within Civil Servants in 1993–4, which ended up being dealt with a wave of dismissal.[41] Financial scandal hit Korman and Vohor, who were involved in the scheme of selling Vanuatu passport to foreigners.[43]

In 1996 Vohor and the President Jean-Marie Léyé were kidnapped by Vanuatu Mobile Force due to pay disputes and were later released unscathed.[44][40] Riots broke out in Port Vila in 1998 when savers attempted to withdraw funds from Vanuatu National Provident Fund following allegations of financial impropriety, prompting the government to declare a brief state of emergency.[40][45] A Comprehensive Reform Program was enacted in 1998 with the aim of improving economic performance and eradicating government corruption.[45] In the 1998 Vanuatu general election, the UMP was overthrown by the VP under Donald Kalpokas.Kesalahan pengutipan: Parameter dalam tag <ref> tidak sah; However Kalpokas only lasted one year, he resigned when threatened with a vote of no confidence, replaced by Barak Sopé from the MPP in 1999. Barak Sopé himself was overthrown in a vote of no confidence in 2001.Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref> Vanuatu was removed from the list of '

Destruction caused by Typhoon Pam in 2015

Edward Natapei who was originally Vice President became Prime Minister in 2001 and again won the 2002 Vanuatu general election[46] The 2004 Vanuatu general election, Vohor and UMP returned to power, but Vohor lost much support for a secret agreement to recognize Taiwan in the China-Taiwan dispute and was overthrown in a vote of no confidence less than five months after He was replaced by Ham Lini.[47][48] Line redirects his recognition to People's Republic of China (PRC) which is the main donor for the Vanuatu government.[49][50] The line lost the 2008 Vanuatu general election, with Natapei returning to power, but Vanuatu politics then entered a period of turmoil. There are frequent attempts by the opposition to overthrow Natapei through the use of a vote of no confidence – albeit to no avail. He was removed due to procedural technicality in November 2009, an act that was later canceled by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.[51]Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref> Kilman managed to remain in office for two years, before being ousted in March 2013.[52]

The new government was the new Green Confederation in power, and Prime Minister Moana Carcasses Kalosil was the first non-Ni-Vanuatu person to hold the position (Kalosil was of mixed French-Tahiti descent and a naturalized Vanuatu citizen. ). Kalosil instituted a review of diplomatic passport sales and publicly expressed his support for the West Papuan independence movement, a move supported by former PM Kilman and Carlot Korman.[53][54] Kalosil was ousted in a no-confidence motion again in 2014, with VP returning under Joe Natuman. But he was ousted the following year in a vote of no confidence led by Kilman who was angry at being fired from his position as Foreign Minister. Meanwhile, Typhoon Pam destroyed the country in 2015, resulting in 16 major deaths and destruction.Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref>[55] Dua pulau diantaranya (Matthew dan Hunter) juga diklaim dan dikendalikan oleh Prancis sebagai bagian dari kolektivitas Prancis di Kaledonia Baru. Negara ini terletak di antara garis lintang 13°S dan 21°S dan garis bujur 166°BT dan 171°BT.

Empat belas pulau Vanuatu yang memiliki luas permukaan lebih dari 100 kilometer persegi (39 sq mi), dari yang terbesar hingga yang terkecil adalah: Espiritu Santo, Malakula, Efate, Erromango, Ambrym, Tanna, Pentakosta, Epi, Ambae atau Aoba, Gaua, Vanua Lava, Maewo, Malo dan Aneityum atau Anatom. Kota terbesar di negara ini adalah ibu kota Port Vila, di Efate, dan Luganville di Espiritu Santo.[56] Titik tertinggi di Vanuatu adalah Gunung Tabwemasana dengan ketinggian 1.879 meter (6.165 kaki), di pulau Espiritu Santo.

Luas total Vanuatu kira-kira 12.274 kilometer persegi (4.739 sq mi) [57] di mana permukaan tanahnya sangat terbatas (kira-kira 4.700 kilometer persegi (1.800 sq mi)). Sebagian besar pulau terjal dengan tanah yang tidak stabil dan sedikit air tawar permanen.[55] Satu perkiraan, dibuat pada tahun 2005 adalah bahwa hanya 9% dari tanah yang digunakan untuk pertanian (7% dengan tanaman permanen, ditambah 2% dianggap subur).[58] Garis pantai sebagian besar berbatu dengan terumbu karang tepi dan tidak ada tempat yang landai sehingga curam langsung ke laut.[55]

Ada beberapa gunung berapi aktif di Vanuatu, termasuk Lopevi, Gunung Yasur dan beberapa gunung berapi bawah laut. Aktivitas vulkanik biasa terjadi, dengan bahaya letusan besar yang selalu ada. Letusan bawah laut di dekatnya berkekuatan 6,4 terjadi pada bulan November 2008 tanpa korban, dan letusan terjadi pada tahun 1945.[59] Vanuatu diakui sebagai ekoregion terestrial yang berbeda, yang dikenal sebagai hutan hujan Vanuatu.[60] Ini adalah bagian dari wilayah Lingkup Australasia, yang meliputi Kaledonia Baru, Kepulauan Solomon, Australia, Papua Niugini, dan Selandia Baru.

Populasi Vanuatu (diperkirakan pada tahun 2008 tumbuh 2,4% per tahun)[61] sehingga meningkatnya penggunaan tanah dan sumber daya untuk pertanian, penggembalaan, perburuan, dan penangkapan ikan. 90% rumah tangga Vanuatu memancing dan mengkonsumsi ikan, yang telah menyebabkan tingginya penangkapan ikan di dekat desa dan menipisnya spesies ikan di dekat pantai. Meskipun bervegetasi baik, sebagian besar pulau menunjukkan tanda-tanda deforestasi. Pulau-pulau tersebut telah ditebang, khususnya kayu bernilai tinggi, menjadi sasaran pertanian tebang-dan-bakar skala luas, dan diubah menjadi perkebunan kelapa dan peternakan. Hal ini mengakibatkan peningkatan erosi tanah dan tanah longsor.[55]

Banyak daerah aliran sungai di dataran tinggi mengalami deforestasi dan degradasi sehingga Air tawar menjadi semakin langka. Pembuangan limbah yang tepat, serta polusi air dan udara, menjadi masalah yang merepotkan di sekitar daerah perkotaan dan desa-desa besar. Selain itu, kurangnya kesempatan kerja di industri dan tidak dapat diaksesnya pasar menjadi penyebab utama mengunci keluarga pedesaan ke dalam mode subsisten atau kemandirian. Hal ini memberikan tekanan luar biasa pada ekosistem lokal.[55] Negara ini memiliki skor rata-rata Indeks Integritas Lanskap Hutan 2019 sebesar 8,82/10, menempati peringkat ke-18 secara global dari 172 negara.[62]

Flora dan fauna

Artikel utama: Vanuatu rain forests
Dataran Cinder Gunung Yasur di pulau Tanna.
Pantai Erakor di pulau Efate.

Meskipun memiliki hutan tropis, Vanuatu hanya memiliki sedikit spesies tumbuhan dan hewan. Ia memiliki rubah terbang asli (Pteropus anetianus). Rubah terbang penting bagi hutan hujan dan regenerasi kayu. Mereka menyerbuki dan menyebarkan benih berbagai macam pohon asli. Makanan mereka adalah nektar, serbuk sari dan buah. mereka juga biasa disebut "kelelawar buah". Populasi mereka mengalami penurunan di seluruh wilayah Pasifik Selatan. Namun, pemerintah semakin sadar akan nilai ekonomi dan ekologi rubah terbang dan ada seruan untuk meningkatkan perlindungan mereka. Tidak ada mamalia besar asli di Vanuatu.

Sembilan belas spesies reptil asli termasuk ular pot bunga yang hanya ditemukan di Efate. Iguana berpita Fiji (Brachylophus fasciatus) diperkenalkan sebagai hewan liar pada 1960-an.[63][64] Ada sebelas spesies kelelawar (tiga unik di Vanuatu) dan enam puluh satu spesies burung darat dan air. Sementara spesies kecil seperti tikus Polinesia yang dianggap binatang asli Vanuatu. Spesies besar datang dengan orang Eropa seperti babi, anjing, dan sapi peliharaan. Spesies semut dari beberapa pulau di Vanuatu dikatalogkan oleh E. O. Wilson.[65]

Wilayah ini kaya akan kehidupan laut dengan lebih dari 4.000 spesies moluska laut dan beragam jenis ikan laut. Keong kerucut dan ikan batu membawa racun yang mematikan bagi manusia. Siput darat Raksasa Afrika Timur baru tiba pada tahun 1970-an, tetapi sudah pindah dari wilayah Port Vila ke Luganville.

Ada tiga atau mungkin empat buaya air asin dewasa yang hidup di hutan bakau Vanuatu dan tidak ada populasi yang berkembang biak saat ini.[64] Buaya ini diperkirakan mencapai bagian utara pulau setelah topan, mengingat kedekatan rantai pulau dengan Kepulauan Solomon dan New Guinea di mana buaya sangat umum.[66]

Iklim

Vanuatu memiliki iklim tropis dengan sekitar sembilan bulan cuaca hangat hingga hujan yang panas (kemungkinan angin topan) dan tiga hingga empat bulan cuaca yang lebih dingin dan lebih kering yang dicirikan oleh angin dari tenggara. Suhu air berkisar antara 22 °C (72 °F) di musim dingin hingga 28 °C (82 °F) di musim panas. Musim dingin mulai bulan April hingga September dan hari-hari menjadi lebih panas dan lebih lembab mulai bulan Oktober. Suhu harian berkisar antara 20–32 °C (68–90 °F). Angin pasat tenggara terjadi dari Mei hingga Oktober.[55]

Vanuatu memiliki musim hujan yang panjang, dengan curah hujan yang signifikan hampir setiap bulan. Bulan-bulan terbasah dan terpanas adalah Desember hingga April, yang juga merupakan musim topan. Bulan-bulan terkering adalah Juni sampai November.[55] Rainfall averages about 2.360 milimeter (93 in) per year but can be as high as 4.000 milimeter (160 in) in the northern islands.[58] Curah hujan rata-rata sekitar 2.360 milimeter (93 in) per tahun tetapi bisa setinggi 4.000 milimeter (160 in) di pulau-pulau utara.[99] Pada tahun 2015, Universitas Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa menyatakan Vanuatu berisiko mengalami bencana alam tertinggi dari semua negara yang diukur.[67]

Badai tropis

Manaro Voui, gunung berapi di pulau Ambae.

Pada bulan Maret 2015, Topan Pam berdampak pada sebagian besar Vanuatu sebagai siklon tropis parah Kategori 5, menyebabkan kematian dan kerusakan parah di semua pulau.Hingga 17 Maret 2015 Per 17 Maret 2015 PBB mengatakan jumlah kematian resmi adalah 11 orang (enam dari Efate dan lima dari Tanna), dan 30 orang dilaporkan terluka. Jumlah ini diperkirakan akan meningkat karena pulau-pulau yang lebih terpencil belum dilaporkan.[68][69] Menteri Pertanahan Vanuatu, Ralph Regenvanu berkata, "Ini adalah bencana terburuk yang pernah menimpa Vanuatu sejauh yang kami tahu."[70]

Pada April 2020, Topan Harold mengamuk di kota Luganville, Espiritu Santo dan menyebabkan kerusakan material yang besar di sana dan juga di empat pulau sekitarnya.[71]

Gempa bumi

Vanuatu relatif sering mengalami gempa bumi. Dari 58 M7 atau peristiwa yang lebih besar yang terjadi antara tahun 1909 dan 2001, hanya sedikit yang diteliti.

Ekonomi

Artikel utama: Ekonomi vanuatu

Empat andalan ekonomi adalah pertanian, pariwisata, jasa keuangan lepas pantai, dan peternakan.

Kegiatan penangkapan ikan cukup besar, meskipun industri ini tidak banyak mendatangkan devisa. Ekspor meliputi kopra, kava, daging sapi, biji kakao dan kayu; impor vanuatu meliputi mesin dan peralatan, bahan makanan, dan bahan bakar.

Pertanian subsisten secara tradisional menjadi basis ekonomi Vanuatu, bersama dengan jaringan pertukaran yang rumit di dalam dan antar pulau. Perubahan ekonomi terjadi dengan perkembangan perkebunan eropa di gugusan pulau tersebut setelah tahun 1867, tanaman awal adalah kapas, diikuti oleh jagung, kopi, biji kakao, dan kelapa (untuk kopra). Peternakan sapi kemudian didirikan. Pada tahun 1880-an, pekebun Prancis telah membalikkan dominasi awal Inggris di sektor perkebunan, meskipun mereka juga merasa semakin sulit untuk bersaing dengan produsen ni-Vanuatu, yang dapat kembali mengandalkan pertanian subsisten pada saat terjadi penurunan ekonomi. Harapan Prancis akan hegemoni ekonomi, yang didasarkan pada harga kopra dunia yang tinggi dan impor tenaga kerja Vietnam pada tahun 1920-an, pupus oleh Depresi Besar tahun 1930-an. Pada tahun 1948 sebagian besar kopra di kelompok pulau diproduksi oleh ni-Vanuatu sendiri, meskipun baru berkembangnya koperasi pada tahun 1970-an mereka akhirnya dapat mengambil kendali perdagangan.

Kava, daging sapi, kopra, kayu, dan kakao merupakan ekspor terpenting. Australia, Kaledonia Baru, Jepang, dan Selandia Baru adalah tujuan ekspor utama. Impor—terutama mesin dan peralatan transportasi, makanan dan hewan hidup, serta bahan bakar mineral terutama berasal dari Australia, Singapura, Selandia Baru, dan Fiji. Karena kerentanannya terhadap cuaca dan fluktuasi pasar komoditas, Vanuatu bekerja untuk melengkapi pertanian skala besar dengan sektor ekstraktif, manufaktur, dan jasa yang lebih kuat untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjangnya.

Sejak kemerdekaan, pariwisata dan jasa keuangan lepas pantai Vanuatu telah muncul sebagai penghasil pendapatan asing terbesar. Meningkatnya keuntungan yang dihasilkan oleh pariwisata telah menarik perhatian perusahaan asing yang ingin mengembangkan lahan menjadi resor dan atraksi lainnya. Meskipun menurut konstitusi tahun 1980, semua tanah di Vanuatu berada di bawah kepemilikan kolektif adat ni-Vanuatu dan tidak dapat dijual kepada orang asing, minat yang meningkat dari luar negeri pada akhir abad ke-20 dan awal abad ke-21 mendorong pemerintah untuk mengizinkan tanah disewakan dengan harga 75 tahun periode. Namun, sewa semacam itu sering dinegosiasikan untuk merugikan ni-Vanuatu; banyak yang mencantumkan, misalnya, ketentuan bahwa, pada akhir 75 tahun, pemilik adat dapat memperoleh kembali tanah mereka hanya dengan membayar penuh biaya pembangunan apa pun. Pada awal abad ke-21, ada kekhawatiran bahwa ketentuan tersebut akan mengakibatkan keterasingan permanen atas tanah-tanah yang dimiliki secara adat.

Kehutanan, merupakan sektor yang penting dalam sejarah kolonial awal pulau itu tetapi kemudian dikalahkan oleh sektor pertanian, sektor perkebunan, yang juga semakin penting. Sebagian besar negara berhutan (termasuk area cendana dan spesies tropis berharga lainnya). Karena sebagian besar pohon yang ditebang selama tahun 1980-an diekspor sebagai kayu gelondongan, pada awal tahun 1990-an pemerintah melarang ekspor kayu bulat dan membatasi panen tahunan. Penghasilan dari kayu olahan (kebanyakan digergaji di pabrik portabel kecil) tumbuh sebagai hasilnya, dan produk kayu menyumbang proporsi ekspor yang kecil namun signifikan pada awal abad ke-21. Penjualan hak penangkapan ikan komersial merupakan sumber penting lain dari pendapatan asing, dan terdapat penangkapan ikan skala kecil yang ekstensif untuk konsumsi lokal.

Sebaliknya, aktivitas pertambangan sangat rendah. Meskipun penambangan mangan dihentikan pada tahun 1978, terdapat kesepakatan pada tahun 2006 untuk mengekspor mangan yang sudah ditambang tetapi belum diekspor. Negara ini tidak memiliki cadangan minyak bumi yang diketahui. Sektor industri ringan kecil melayani pasar lokal. Pendapatan pajak terutama berasal dari bea masuk dan PPN 15% untuk barang dan jasa. Pembangunan ekonomi terhambat oleh ketergantungan pada ekspor komoditas yang relatif sedikit, kerentanan terhadap bencana alam, dan jarak yang jauh antara pulau-pulau penyusun dan dari pasar utama.

Penambangan bijih mangan di Éfaté berakhir pada tahun 1970-an, tetapi survei selanjutnya mengidentifikasi sejumlah deposit yang tersisa di sana serta kemungkinan adanya cadangan emas, tembaga, dan minyak bumi yang dapat dieksploitasi di tempat lain di pulau tersebut.

Kondisi di sebagian besar pulau Vanuatu berupa jalan tak beraspal yang menghubungkan permukiman pesisir; hanya ada sedikit interior jalan. Transportasi antar pulau adalah dengan perahu atau pesawat terbang. Bandara besar terletak di dekat Port Vila, dekat Luganville di Espiritu Santo, dan di sisi barat laut Tanna. Banyak lapangan terbang yang lebih kecil tersebar di seluruh pulau.

Politik

Artikel utama: Politik Vanuatu
Pembagian administratif Vanuatu

Vanuatu adalah negara Republik parlementer yang berdiri dibawah konstitusi dimana Presiden Vanuatu adalah kepala negara, dan Perdana Menteri Vanuatu sebagai kepala pemerintahan.

Pembagian administratif

Artikel utama: Pembagian administratif Vanuatu dan Provinsi di Vanuatu

Vanuatu dibagi menjadi 6 provinsi sejak tahun 1994. Nama dari semua provinsi berasal dari huruf pertama dari nama pulau-pulau konstituen mereka:

  • Malampa (Malakula, Ambrym, Paama)
  • Penama (Pentecost, Ambae, Maewo)
  • Sanma (Santo, Malo)
  • Shefa (Shepherd, Efate)
  • Tafea (Tanna, Aniwa, Futuna, Erromango, Aneityum)
  • Torba (Torres, Banks)

Budaya

Kuliner

Hidangan khas Vanuatu (aelan kakae) banyak diolah dari ikan, sayuran akar seperti talas dan ubi, buah-buahan, dan sayuran. Sebagian besar keluarga pulau menanam makanan di kebun mereka, dan jarang terjadi kekurangan bahan makanan. Pepaya, nanas, mangga, pisang raja, dan ubi jalar berlimpah sepanjang tahun. Santan dan krim kelapa digunakan untuk membumbui banyak hidangan. Sebagian besar makanan dimasak menggunakan batu panas atau melalui perebusan dan pengukusan; sangat sedikit makanan yang digoreng.[55]

Hidangan nasional Vanuatu disebut laplap.[72]

H

HHHH

H

H

H

Catatan

  1. ^ Vanua in turns comes from the Proto-Austronesian banua – see Reuter 2002, hlm. 29; and Reuter 2006, hlm. 326

Referensi

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Bibliografi

Bacaan lanjutan

Pranala luar

Cari tahu mengenai Vanuatu pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:
  Definisi dan terjemahan dari Wiktionary
  Gambar dan media dari Commons
  Berita dari Wikinews
  Kutipan dari Wikiquote
  Teks sumber dari Wikisource
  Buku dari Wikibuku
  Panduan wisata di Vanuatu dari Wikivoyage
 
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Vanuatu.
 
Wikivoyage memiliki panduan wisata Vanuatu.


 

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