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Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Inggris

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Revisi sejak 26 Desember 2021 00.39 oleh Anjat maulana (bicara | kontrib) (Masjid husus untuk berjamaah solat pardu dan jumatan)

Masjid di kampung paranje sebagai masjid jami buat solat jumat yg sudah cukup untuk melalaksanakan solat jumat

Kunci

 

(Kata-kata dalam kapital kecil adalah himpunan leksikal standar. Kata-kata dalam himpunan leksikal bath dan cloth diberi dua transkripsi; bath dengan /ɑː/ dan /æ/, dan cloth dengan /ɒ/ dan /ɔː/).

Konsonan
IPA Contoh
b buy, cab
d dye, cad, do
ð thy, breathe, father
dʒ giant, badge, jam
f phi, caff, fan
ɡ (ɡ)[1] guy, bag
h high, ahead
j[2] yes, yacht
k sky, crack
l lie, sly, gal
m my, smile, cam
n nigh, snide, can
ŋ sang, sink, singer
ŋɡ finger, anger
θ thigh, math
p pie, spy, cap
r rye, try, very[3]
s sigh, mass
ʃ shy, cash, emotion
t tie, sty, cat, atom
tʃ China, catch
v vie, have
w wye, swine
hw why[4]
z zoo, has
ʒ equation, pleasure, vision, beige[5]
Konsonan marjinal
x ugh, loch, Chanukah[6]
ʔ uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/
Vokal
IPA Vokal penuh ... diikuti R[7][8]
ɑː palm, father, bra ɑr start, bard, barn, snarl, star (also /ɑːr./)
ɒ lot, pod, John[9] ɒr moral, forage
æ trap, pad, shall, ban ær barrow, marry[10]
aɪ price, ride, file, fine, pie[11] aɪər Ireland, sapphire (/aɪr./)[8]
aʊ mouth, loud, foul, down, how aʊər hour (/aʊr./)[8]
ɛ dress, bed, fell, men[12] ɛr error, merry[12]
eɪ face, made, fail, vein, pay ɛər square, scared, scarce, cairn, Mary (/eɪr./)[13][8]
ɪ kit, lid, fill, bin ɪr mirror, Sirius
iː fleece, seed, feel, mean, sea ɪər near, beard, fierce, serious (/iːr./)
ɔː thought, Maud, dawn, fall, straw[14] ɔr north, born, war, Laura (/ɔːr./)
ɔɪ choice, void, foil, coin, boy ɔɪər loir, coir (/ɔɪr./)[8]
oʊ goat, code, foal, bone, go[15] ɔər force, boar, more, oral (/oʊr./)[16]
ʊ foot, good, full, woman ʊr courier
uː goose, food, fool, soon, chew, do ʊər boor, moor, tourist (/uːr./)[17]
juː cued, cute, mule, tune, queue, you[18] jʊər cure
ʌ strut, mud, dull, gun[19] ʌr borough, hurry
ɜr nurse, word, girl, fern, furry (/ɝː/)[20]
Potongan vokal
ə Rosa’s, a mission, comma ər letter, perform (juga /ɚ/)[20]
ɨ roses, emission[21] (baik ɪ atau ə) ən button
ɵ omission[22] (baik oʊ atau ə) əm rhythm
ʉ beautiful, curriculum ([jʉ])[23] (baik ʊ atau ə) əl bottle
i happy, serious[24] (baik ɪ atau iː) ᵊ, ⁱ (vokal sering ditiadakan: nasturtium)
 
Penekanan Silabifikasi
IPA Contoh IPA Contoh
ˈ intonation /ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/,[25]
battleship /ˈbætəlʃɪp/[26] 		. hire /ˈhaɪər/, higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/
moai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/, Windhoek /ˈvɪnt.hʊk/
Vancouveria /væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/
Mikey /ˈmaɪki/, Myki /ˈmaɪ.kiː/[27]
ˌ

Lihat pula

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Jika karakter ⟨ɡ⟩ dan ⟨ ⟩ tidak sama dan jika karakter pertama terlihat seperti ⟨γ⟩, maka Anda memiliki masalah pada fon baku Anda. Lihat Masalah pemunculan.
  2. ^ Nilai IPA untuk huruf ⟨j⟩ kontra-intuitif bagi banyak penutur bahasa Inggris. Nilai ini muncul bersama suara ini di sejumlah kosa kata bahasa Inggris, seperti hallelujah dan Jägermeister.
  3. ^ Meski simbol IPA [r] mewakili sebuah trill, /r/ lebih banyak dipakai alih-alih /ɹ/ pada transkripsi bahasa Inggris secara umum.
  4. ^ /hw/ tidak berbeda dengan /w/ pada dialek dengan penggabungan wine–whine, seperti RP dan berbagai variasi GenAm.
  5. ^ Sejumlah kosa kata bahasa Inggris, seperti genre dan garage, diucapkan dengan /ʒ/ atau /dʒ/.
  6. ^ Pada kebanyakan dialek, /x/ diganti dengan /k/ di sebagian besar kata, termasuk loch. Pada ugh, nilai tersebut sering diganti dengan /ɡ/ (pengucapan pengejaan), dan pada Chanukah dengan /h/
  7. ^ Pada aksen non-rotik seperti RP, /r/ tidak diucapkan kecuali diikuti oleh satu huruf vokal. Di sejumlah artikel Wikipedia, /ɪər/ dll. tidak berbeda dengan /ɪr/ etc. Ketika dibedakan, vokal panjangnya kadang ditranskripsikan menjadi /iːr/ dll. melalui analogi dengan vokal yang tidak diikuti oleh /r/. Ini perlu diperbaiki untuk disesuaikan dengan tabel di sini.
  8. ^ a b c d e Ingat bahwa banyak penutur yang membedakan triftong monosilabel dengan R dan realisasi disilabik: hour /ˈaʊər/ dari plougher /ˈplaʊ.ər/, hire /ˈhaɪər/ dari higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/, loir /ˈlɔɪər/ dari employer /ɨmˈplɔɪ.ər/, mare /ˈmɛər/ dari player /ˈpleɪ.ər/.
  9. ^ /ɒ/ tidak berbeda dengan /ɑː/ pada dialek dengan penggabungan father–bother seperti GenAm.
  10. ^ Diucapkan sama seperti /ɛr/ pada aksen dengan penggabungan Mary–marry–merry.
  11. ^ Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in price and ride. Generally, an [aɪ] is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ride, file, fine, pie, while an [ʌɪ] is used before voiceless sounds, as in price and write. Because /t/ and /d/ are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as rider and writer, may be distinguished only by their vowel: [ˈɹʷaɪɾəɹ], [ˈɹʷʌɪɾəɹ]. However, even though the value of /aɪ/ is not predictable in some words, such as spider [ˈspʌɪɾəɹ],[butuh rujukan] dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.
  12. ^ a b Transcribed as /e/ by many dictionaries.[1]
  13. ^ Pronounced the same as /ɛr/ in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger. Often transcribed as /eə/ by British dictionaries and as /er/ by American ones. The OED uses /ɛː/ for BrE and /ɛ(ə)r/ for AmE.[2]
  14. ^ /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɒ/ (except before /r/) in dialects with the cot–caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
  15. ^ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.
  16. ^ /ɔər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse–hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
  17. ^ /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour–poor merger, including many younger speakers.
  18. ^ In dialects with yod dropping, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after coronal consonants (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In dialects with yod coalescence, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.
  19. ^ Fonem ini tidak dipakai pada aksen paruh utara Inggris, beberapa daerah perbatasan Wales, dan sejumlah wilayah di Irlandia timur. Kata-kata ini memakai vokal ʊ: tidak ada foot–strut split.
  20. ^ a b Dalam sejumlah artikula /ɜr/ ditranskripsikan menjadi /ɝː/, dan /ər/ menjadi /ɚ/, ketika tidak diikuti oleh satu huruf vokal.
  21. ^ Diucapkan [ə] pada dialek Australia dan banyak dialek AS, dan [ɪ] pada Pengucapan Resmi. Banyak penutur dengan bebas memilih antara potongan [ɪ̈] dan potongan [ə]. Banyak pakar fonetik (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) dan OED memakai simbol pseudo-IPA ɪ [3], dan Merriam–Webster memakai ə̇.
  22. ^ Pronounced [ə] in many dialects, and [ɵw] or [əw] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as /ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between /əʊ/ and /ə/) in British dictionaries.
  23. ^ Diucapkan [ʊ] di berbagai dialek, [ə] pada dialek lain. Banyak penutur dengan bebas memilih antara potongan [ʊ̈] dan potongan [ə]. OED memakai simbol pseudo-IPA ʊ [4].
  24. ^ Diucapkan /iː/ pada dialek-dialek dengan penekanan happy, /ɪ/ pada dialek lain. Konvensi Britania pernah mentranskripsikannya dengan /ɪ/, tetapi OED dan kamus-kamus berpengaruh lainnya belakangan ini menggunakan /i/.
  25. ^ It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.
  26. ^ Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
  27. ^ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).

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