Buddhisme dan Hinduisme

Agama Buddha dan Hindu memiliki asal mula yang sama dalam budaya Gangga di India utara selama apa yang disebut "urbanisasi kedua" sekitar tahun 500 SM.^[1] Mereka telah berbagi kepercayaan sejalan yang telah ada saling berdampingan, tetapi juga menjabarkan perbedaan-perbedaan.^[2]

Agama Buddha mencapai puncaknya di anak benua India karena didukung oleh istana kerajaan, tetapi mulai merosot setelah era Gupta dan hampir menghilang dari India pada abad ke-12 M,^[3]^[4] kecuali di beberapa daerah kantong kecil terisolasi di India yang masih bertahan hingga abad ke-15 M.^[5]

Upanisad

Ajaran Buddhis tertentu tampaknya telah dirumuskan sebagai tanggapan terhadap gagasan-gagasan yang disajikan dalam Upanisad awal, dalam beberapa hal sependapat dengannya, dan dalam hal-hal lainnya mengkritik atau menafsirkannya kembali.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Pengaruh Upanisad, kitab-kitab filosofis Hindu yang paling awal terhadap agama Buddha telah menjadi bahan perdebatan di kalangan para sarjana. Meskipun Radhakrishnan, Oldenberg, dan Neumann yakin akan pengaruh Upanisad pada kanon Buddhis, Eliot dan Thomas menyoroti poin-poin yang ditentang agama Buddha dari Upanisad.^[9]

Agama Buddha mungkin dipengaruhi oleh beberapa gagasan Upanisad, namun mengabaikan kecenderungan ortodoks mereka.^[10] Dalam kitab-kitab Buddhis, dia dijabarkan menolak jalan keselamatan sebagai "pandangan salah".^[11] Aliran-aliran pemikiran religius India kemudian dipengaruhi oleh penafsiran dan gagasan-gagasan baru dari tradisi kepercayaan Buddhis ini.^[12]

Dukungan kerajaan

Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, ada bukti signifikan bahwa agama Buddha dan Hindu didukung oleh para penguasa India, terlepas dari identitas keagamaan para penguasa itu sendiri. Raja-raja Buddhis terus menghormati dewa-dewa dan guru-guru Hindu dan banyak kuil Buddhis dibangun di bawah sokongan para penguasa Hindu.^[13] Hal ini karena agama Buddha tidak pernah dianggap sebagai sebuah agama asing dengan agama Hindu di India tetapi hanya sebagai salah satu dari banyak aliran agama Hindu. Karya Kālidāsa menunjukkan kebangkitan agama Hindu dengan mengorbankan agama Buddha.^[14]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Samuels 2010.
^ Y. Masih in A Comparative Study of Religions (2000), Motilal Banarsidass Publishers: Delhi, ISBN 81-208-0815-0 Page 18. "There is no evidence to show that Jainism and Buddhism ever subscribed to vedic sacrifices, vedic deities or caste. They are parallel or native religions of India and have contributed much to the growth of even classical Hinduism of the present times."
^ Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993). A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 227–240. ISBN 978-81-208-0955-0.
^ Damien Keown (2004). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 208–209. ISBN 978-0-19-157917-2.
^ Lars Fogelin (2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-19-994821-5.
^ Helmuth von "Vedanta and Buddhism, A Comparative Study" (1950) 1950 Proceedings of the Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur
^ (Gombrich 1997, hlm. 31)
^ "We may distinguish among Upanishads in terms of relative age. First are early, pre-Buddhist Upanishads (Chandogya, Brahadanyaka, Aitreya, Taittiriya, Kauitaki, and somewhat later Kena and Isa)." Fahlbusch et al. (2008) The Encyclopedia of Christianity: Volume 5: Si-Z p. 645, Translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-2417-X, 978-0-8028-2417-2
^ Pratt, James Bissett (1996), The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage, Asian Educational Services, hlm. 90, ISBN 978-81-206-1196-2
^ Upadhyaya, Kashi Nath (1998), Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgītā, Motilal Banarsidass, hlm. 103–104, ISBN 978-81-208-0880-5
^ Hajime Nakamura (1990) A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy: Part One. p.139, Reprint by Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
^ K. N. Upadhaya (1968) "The Impact of Early Buddhism on Hindu Thought (with Special Reference to the Bhagavadgiitaa)", Philosophy East and West Vol.18 pp.163-173, University of Hawaii Press
^ January 2008, VOL. 213, #1
^ Hill, Christopher. South Asia: An Environmental History. ABC-CLIO 2008, page 35. "Through Kalidas' work we begin to see the ascension of Hinduism, taking the place of Buddhism as the dominant religion."

Sumber

Gombrich, Richard (1997). How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-215-0812-6
Robinson, Richard; Johnson, Willard; Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (Geoffrey DeGraff) (2005). Buddhist Religions: A Historical Introduction. Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-534-55858-5
Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
Zaehner, R. C. (1969), The Bhagavad Gītā, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-501666-1

Bacaan lanjutan

Arun Kumar Biswas Buddha and Bodhisattva - A Hindu View (Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1987)
N.N Bhattacharyya: Buddhism in the History of Indian Ideas.
Chitrarekha V. Kher: Buddhism as Presented by the Brahmanical Systems.
Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish: Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism. Citadel Press, Secaucus NJ, 1988 (1916).
— (with Sister Nivedita): Hindus and Buddhists. Mystic Press, London 1987 (c. 1911).
Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish: Hinduism and Buddhism (Golden Elixir Press, 2011), ISBN 978-0-9843082-3-1 [New edition including additions and changes contributed by the Author to the French translation of his work]
Elst, Koenraad: Who is a Hindu, 2001. Delhi: Voice of India. ISBN 978-81-85990-74-3
GOEL, Sita Ram: Samyak Sambuddha. Bhârata-Bhâratî, Delhi 1997 (1957).
Ram Swarup: Buddhism vis-à-vis Hinduism. Voice of India, Delhi 1983 (1958).
V. Subramaniam, ed.: Buddhist-Hindu Interactions.
Gurusevak Upadhyaya: Buddhism and Hinduism.

Shinjo Ito: "Shinjo:Reflections". Somerset Hall Press 2009.

Pranala luar

Hindu and Buddhist Gods
Gandhi and Lord Buddha
Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same? by David Loy, National Univ. of Singapore.
Buddhism, the Fulfilment of Hinduism
Enlightenment: Buddhism Vis-à-Vis Hinduism by Acharya Mahayogi Sridhar Rana

[FOOTNOTESamuels2010-1] Samuels 2010.

[2] Y. Masih in A Comparative Study of Religions (2000), Motilal Banarsidass Publishers: Delhi, ISBN 81-208-0815-0 Page 18. "There is no evidence to show that Jainism and Buddhism ever subscribed to vedic sacrifices, vedic deities or caste. They are parallel or native religions of India and have contributed much to the growth of even classical Hinduism of the present times."

[3] Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993). A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 227–240. ISBN 978-81-208-0955-0.

[Keown2004p208-4] Damien Keown (2004). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 208–209. ISBN 978-0-19-157917-2.

[5] Lars Fogelin (2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-19-994821-5.

[accesstoinsight.org-6] Helmuth von "Vedanta and Buddhism, A Comparative Study" (1950) 1950 Proceedings of the Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur

[7] (Gombrich 1997, hlm. 31)

[8] "We may distinguish among Upanishads in terms of relative age. First are early, pre-Buddhist Upanishads (Chandogya, Brahadanyaka, Aitreya, Taittiriya, Kauitaki, and somewhat later Kena and Isa)." Fahlbusch et al. (2008) The Encyclopedia of Christianity: Volume 5: Si-Z p. 645, Translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-2417-X, 978-0-8028-2417-2

[9] Pratt, James Bissett (1996), The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage, Asian Educational Services, hlm. 90, ISBN 978-81-206-1196-2

[10] Upadhyaya, Kashi Nath (1998), Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgītā, Motilal Banarsidass, hlm. 103–104, ISBN 978-81-208-0880-5

[11] Hajime Nakamura (1990) A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy: Part One. p.139, Reprint by Motilal Banarsidass Publ.

[12] K. N. Upadhaya (1968) "The Impact of Early Buddhism on Hindu Thought (with Special Reference to the Bhagavadgiitaa)", Philosophy East and West Vol.18 pp.163-173, University of Hawaii Press

[13] January 2008, VOL. 213, #1

[14] Hill, Christopher. South Asia: An Environmental History. ABC-CLIO 2008, page 35. "Through Kalidas' work we begin to see the ascension of Hinduism, taking the place of Buddhism as the dominant religion."

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