Daftar presiden Indonesia
artikel daftar presiden
Presiden Republik Indonesia adalah seorang kepala negara dan kepala pemerintahan di Republik Indonesia. Presiden juga memimpin bagian eksekutif pada pemerintahan Indonesia dan menjadi komando tertinggi pada Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2004, presiden dan wakil presiden dipilih langsung oleh rakyat dengan masa jabatan 5 tahun untuk setiap periode. Setelah 2 kali terpilih oleh rakyat, seorang presiden tidak diizinkan untuk melakukan pencalonan diri lagi.
Sistem kepresidenan dirumuskan dalam UUD 1945 oleh Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), yang dibentuk di masa pendudukan Jepang pada tanggal 1 Maret 1945 untuk melakukan kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan "Usaha persiapan kemerdekaan Indonesia".[1] Pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI), yang dibentuk untuk menggantikan BPUPKI, menunjuk Soekarno sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia yang pertama dan dengan demikian mengesahkan terbentuknya lembaga kepresidenan Indonesia.
Presidents
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Note: — denotes acting president |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Lifespan)
|
Term of office | Party | Vice president | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Election | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 | 
|
Sukarno (1901–1970) |
18 August 1945 | 18 May 1963 | 1945 | 21 tahun, 206 hari | Independent | 1 | Mohammad Hatta |
| Vacant (1 December 1956 – 12 March 1967) | |||||||||
| 18 May 1963 | 12 March 1967 | 1963 | |||||||
| Declared Indonesia's independence from colonial powers. Presided during the Indonesian National Revolution and the first national elections. One of the founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted the 1955 Bandung Conference. Called for 'Guided Democracy' following the collapse of 10 governments during the 1950s, with Nasakom as its principal ideology. Acceded Western New Guinea. Opposed the formation of Malaysia and began Konfrontasi. Signed Supersemar in 1966 following the assassination of 6 generals. | |||||||||
| — | 
|
Suharto (1921–2008) |
12 March 1967 | 27 March 1968 | — | 1 tahun, 15 hari | Military | Vacant | |
| Sukarno transferred key presidential powers to Suharto on 11 March 1966 in a vaguely worded letter of authority known as Supersemar and surrendered his powers on 20 February 1967, but he was not formally relieved of his presidential title by the MPRS until 12 March 1967. On 12 March 1967, the MPRS agreed to withdraw its mandate from Sukarno and remove him as president. Suharto replaced Sukarno as acting president until 27 March 1968, when he was formally elected as the second president of Indonesia. | |||||||||
| 2 | 27 March 1968 | 23 March 1973 | 1968 | 30 tahun, 55 hari | Golkar (supported by the military) |
Vacant | |||
| 23 March 1973 | 23 March 1978 | 1973 | 2 | Hamengkubuwono IX | |||||
| 23 March 1978 | 11 March 1983 | 1978 | 3 | Adam Malik | |||||
| 11 March 1983 | 11 March 1988 | 1983 | 4 | Umar Wirahadikusumah | |||||
| 11 March 1988 | 11 March 1993 | 1988 | 5 | Sudharmono | |||||
| 11 March 1993 | 11 March 1998 | 1993 | 6 | Try Sutrisno | |||||
| 11 March 1998 | 21 May 1998 | 1998 | 7 | B. J. Habibie | |||||
| First president from a military background. The longest-serving president with an over-30-year tenure. Seized power from Sukarno through Supersemar in 1966. Declared a New Order military dictatorship. Dismantled the Communist Party of Indonesia and oversaw the mass murder and imprisonment of thousands of suspected communists throughout the archipelago. Ended Konfrontasi and initiated friendly relationships with neighbouring countries of Malaysia and Singapore, and Indonesia became a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Severed ties with China and other communist countries in the region. Incorporated Western New Guinea into Indonesia. Annexed East Timor. Oversaw great economic and infrastructural development but rampant corruption within the bureaucracy and government. Resigned following the collapse of the Indonesian economy during the 1997 financial crisis and the 1998 riots. | |||||||||
| 3 | 
|
B. J. Habibie (1936–2019) |
21 May 1998 | 20 October 1999 | — | 1 tahun, 152 hari | Golkar | Vacant | |
| First, and to date the only, president (aside from acting presidents) who was born outside of Java. First vice president to become president. Took power following Suharto's resignation. Oversaw Indonesia's democratic transition. East Timor declared independence from Indonesia. Released thousands of political prisoners. Decided not to run for a full term. | |||||||||
| 4 | 
|
Abdurrahman Wahid (1940–2009) |
20 October 1999 | 23 July 2001 | 1999 | 1 tahun, 276 hari | PKB | Vacant (20–21 October 1999) | |
| 8 | Megawati Sukarnoputri | ||||||||
| First executive branch officer (president and vice president) to have come from a religious background. Head of Nahdlatul Ulama and grandson of its founder. Term embroiled by a number of scandals and corruption cases. Abolished all remaining legal discrimination against Chinese Indonesians. Attempts to reform the military and remove its political power were not taken kindly by military actors. Attempted to dissolve parliament, but was himself impeached and removed from office by parliament. | |||||||||
| 5 | 
|
Megawati Sukarnoputri (born 1947) |
23 July 2001 | 20 October 2004 | — | 3 tahun, 89 hari | PDI-P | Vacant (23–26 July 2001) | |
| 9 | Hamzah Haz | ||||||||
| First female president of Indonesia and the first to be born after the proclamation of independence in 1945. Oldest daughter and second child of President Sukarno, first president born to another president. First female vice president and the first vice president to be born after 1945. Came to power following the removal of Abdurrahman Wahid. Presided during a period of economic growth. Bali was attacked by a major bombing in 2002 by Jemaah Islamiyah. Lost reelection bid to her former coordinating minister and in a later rematch. | |||||||||
| 6 | .jpg)
|
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born 1949) |
20 October 2004 | 20 October 2009 | 2004 | 10 years | Demokrat | 10 | Jusuf Kalla |
| 20 October 2009 | 20 October 2014 | 2009 | 11 | Boediono | |||||
| The first president to be directly elected by popular vote. Second president from a military background. Parts of Sumatra were devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Jemaah Islamiyah was severely weakened following efforts by Detachment 88. Indonesia was classified as part of MINT and became a member of the G20 during his presidency. Elected to a second term in 2009. Indonesia formed the Bali Democracy Forum and became a founding member of the Open Government Partnership. He presided over consistent economic growth. During his second term, the Democratic Party was embroiled by many corruption scandals. | |||||||||
| 7 | 
|
Joko Widodo (born 1961) |
20 October 2014 | 20 October 2019 | 2014 | 10 years | PDI-P | 12 (10) |
Jusuf Kalla |
| 20 October 2019 | 20 October 2024 | 2019 | 13 | Ma'ruf Amin | |||||
| The first president not to have emerged from the country's political elite or to have been an army general.[2] First president to have been a regional politician (mayor for about 7 years, governor for nearly 2 years) and the first to be born after the recognition of independence in December 1949. Initiated the process to move the capital of Indonesia from Jakarta to Nusantara. Elected to a second term in 2019. | |||||||||
| 8 | 
|
Prabowo Subianto (born 1951) |
20 October 2024 | Incumbent | 2024 | 69 hari | Gerindra | 14 | Gibran Rakabuming Raka |
| Retired general and former commander of the Special Forces Command (Kopassus) and Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad). Lost twice against his predecessor in 2014 and 2019, but was appointed as minister of defense in 2019. His 96.2 million votes are the highest received by any candidate in a democratic election in Indonesia, surpassing Joko Widodo's 85.6 million votes in 2019. First president in Indonesia's history to have a younger predecessor. The oldest president to be sworn in for the first term at age 73. Third president from a military background. | |||||||||
Catatan
Lihat pula
| Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri |
| Politik dan ketatanegaraan Indonesia |
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| Pemerintahan pusat |
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| Pemerintahan daerah |
| Politik praktis |
| Kebijakan luar negeri |
Referensi
- Abdulgani-Knapp, Retnowati (2007), Soeharto: The Life and Legacy of Indonesia's Second President, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 981-261-340-4, OCLC 155758606.
- Cribb, Robert; Kahin, Audrey (2004), Historical Dictionary of Indonesia (edisi ke-2nd), Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4935-6, OCLC 53793487.
- Hughes, John (2002), The End of Sukarno: A Coup That Misfired: A Purge That Ran Wild (edisi ke-3rd), Singapore: Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-65-9, OCLC 52567484.
- McIntyre, Angus (2005), The Indonesian Presidency: The Shift from Personal Toward Constitutional Rule (edisi ke-3rd), Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-3827-3, OCLC 59137499.
- Suryadinata, Leo (2005), "Indonesia: The Year of a Democratic Election", Southeast Asian Affairs, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005: 133–149, doi:10.1355/SEAA-05H, ISSN 0377-5437.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005), A History of Modern Indonesia: An Enduring Rivalry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-83493-7, OCLC 60794234.
Bacaan lanjutan
- UUD 1945
- UUDS 1950
- Ketetapan MPRS dan MPR
- Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1949
- Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Serikat Nomor 7 Tahun 1950
- Setneg (1997) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka. Edisi 3. Jakarta: Setneg
- Setneg (1997) 40 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka. Edisi 2. Jakarta: Setneg
- Setneg (1997) 50 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka. Jakarta: Setneg
Pranala luar
- (Indonesia) Situs web resmi Presiden Republik Indonesia
- ^ Kusuma, A.B.; Elson, R.E. (2011), "A note on the sources for the 1945 constitutional debates in Indonesia" (PDF), Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 167 (2–3): 196–209, doi:10.1163/22134379-90003589, ISSN 0006-2294
- ^ Cochrane, Joe (22 July 2014). "A Child of the Slum Rises as President of Indonesia". The New York Times.