Yod (huruf Semit)
Yod (Yodh, juga dieja Yud, Jod, atau Jodh) adalah huruf ke-10 dalam banyak aksara Semitik, termasuk abjad Fenisia, abjad Aram, abjad Ibrani Yud י, abjad Suryani ܝ dan abjad Arab Yāʾ ي (dalam urutan abjadi; huruf ke-28 dalam urutan abjad modern). Nilai suaranya adalah /j/ dalam semua bahasa yang menggunakannya; dalam banyak bahasa, dipakai sebagai huruf hidup panjang, melambangkan /iː/.
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fenisia | Ibrani | Aram | Suryani | Arab |
י | ܝ | ي,ي [note] | ||
Alfabet turunan |
Yunani | Latin | Kiril | |
Ι | I | І | ||
Representasi fonemik: | j, i, e | |||
Urutan dalam alfabet: | 10 | |||
Nilai huruf/Gematria: | 10 |
Huruf Fenisia menghasilkan Alfabet Yunani Iota (Ι), Alfabet Latin I, Alfabet Sirilik І, Alfabet Koptik iauda (Ⲓ) dan Alfabet Gothik eis (𐌹).
Asal usul
Abjad Semitik |
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Abjad Fenisia (c.1050 – 200 SM) |
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Abjad Ibrani (400 SM – sekarang) |
Niqqud · Dagesh · Gematria |
Abjad Suryani (200 SM – sekarang) |
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Abjad Arab (400 SM – sekarang) |
|
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Huruf Ibrani Yud
Variasi ortografi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Berbagai huruf cetak | Cursive Hebrew |
Rashi Script | ||
Serif | Sans-serif | Monospaced | ||
י | י | י |
Ejaan Ibrani: יוֹד ;[1][2] secara colloquial יוּד
Pelafalan
Baik dalam bahasa Ibrani Alkitab maupun modern, Yud melambangkan bunyi palatal approximant ([j]).
Variasi
Yud merupakan sebuah mater lectionis, seperti Alef, He, dan Waw. Di akhir kata dengan huruf hidup atau jika ditandai dengan sebuah sh'va nach, melambangkan pembentukan suatu diftong, seperti /ei/, /ai/, atau /oi/.
Nilai penting
Dalam gematria, Yud melambangkan angka sepuluh.
Sebagai awalan, menunjukkan orang ketiga tunggal (atau jamak, dengan sebuah huruf Waw sebagai akhiran) dalam bentukan waktu mendatang (future tense).
Sebagai akhiran, menunjukkan kata kepunyaan orang pertama tunggal; av ("ayah") menjadi avi ("ayahku").
"Yod" dalam bahasa Ibrani berarti iodium.
Dalam agama
Dua huruf Yud ditulis berurutan melambangkan nama Allah Adonai dan dalam teks runcing (pointed texts) ditulis dengan huruf-huruf hidup "Adonai"; hal ini juga dilakukan dengan Tetragrammaton.
Huruf Arab yāʼ
Huruf ي dinamakan yāʼ (يَاء). Bentuknya berbeda-beda tergantung posisinya dalam suatu kata:
Cara penulisan huruf (ي) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Posisi Lepas | Posisi Awal | Posisi Tengah | Posisi Akhir |
ي | يـ | ـيـ | ـي |
/iː/. In this case it has no diacritic, but could be marked with a kasra in the preceding letter in some traditions.
- A diphthong, /aj/. In this case it has no diacritic, but could be marked with a sukun in some traditions. The preceding consonant could either have no diacritic or have fatḥa sign, hinting to the first vowel in the diphthong, i.e. /a/. In some dialects, the diphthong may be reduced to the long monophthong /eː/.
As a vowel, yāʾ can serve as the "seat" of the hamza: ئ
Yāʾ serves several functions in the Arabic language. Yāʾ as a prefix is the marker for a singular imperfective verb, as in يَكْتُب yaktub "he writes" from the root ك-ت-ب K-T-B ("write, writing"). Yāʾ with a shadda is particularly used to turn a noun into an adjective, called a nisbah (نِسْبَة). For instance مِصْر Miṣr (Egypt) → مِصْرِيّ Miṣriyy (Egyptian). The transformation can be more abstract; for instance, مَوْضَوع mawḍū` (matter, object) → مَوْضُوعِيّ mawḍū`iyy (objective). Still other uses of this function can be a bit further from the root: إِشْتِرَاك ishtirāk (cooperation) → إِشْتِرَاكِيّ ishtirākiyy (socialist). The common pronunciation of the final /-ijj/ is most often pronounced as [i] or [iː].
A form similar to but distinguished from yāʾ is the ʾalif maqṣūrah (أَلِف مَقْصُورَة) (broken alif), with the form ى. It indicates a final long /aː/.
In Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions, the final form is always ى (without dots), both in handwriting and in print, representing both final /-iː/ and /-aː/. ى representing final /-aː/ (DIN 31635 transliteration: ā) is less likely to occur in Modern Standard Arabic. In this case, it is commonly known as, especially in Egypt, أَلِف لَيِّنَة ʾalif layyinah [ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ]. In Egypt, it is always short [-æ, -ɑ] if used in Egyptian Arabic and most commonly short in Modern Standard Arabic, as well.
===Perso-Arabic ye===-->
Kode karakter
Pratayang | י | ي | ܝ | ࠉ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nama Unicode | HEBREW LETTER YOD | ARABIC LETTER YEH | SYRIAC LETTER YUDH | SAMARITAN LETTER YUT | ||||
Pengodean | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 1497 | U+05D9 | 1610 | U+064A | 1821 | U+071D | 2057 | U+0809 |
UTF-8 | 215 153 | D7 99 | 217 138 | D9 8A | 220 157 | DC 9D | 224 160 137 | E0 A0 89 |
Referensi karakter numerik | י |
י |
ي |
ي |
ܝ |
ܝ |
ࠉ |
ࠉ |
Pratayang | 𐎊 | 𐡉 | 𐤉 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nama Unicode | UGARITIC LETTER YOD | IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER YODH | PHOENICIAN LETTER YOD | |||
Pengodean | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 66442 | U+1038A | 67657 | U+10849 | 67849 | U+10909 |
UTF-8 | 240 144 142 138 | F0 90 8E 8A | 240 144 161 137 | F0 90 A1 89 | 240 144 164 137 | F0 90 A4 89 |
UTF-16 | 55296 57226 | D800 DF8A | 55298 56393 | D802 DC49 | 55298 56585 | D802 DD09 |
Referensi karakter numerik | 𐎊 |
𐎊 |
𐡉 |
𐡉 |
𐤉 |
𐤉 |