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Primary stress Placed before the stressed syllable [10]
^ abcdef{{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased {{IPA|[p̚, t̪̚, ʔ̚]}}, with final k being a glottal stop. {{IPA|/b, d/}} are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, {{IPA|[p̚, t̚]}}. There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in kulit ubi "potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
^ abcdeThe fricatives {{IPA|[f, z, ʃ, x]}} are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as {{IPAblink|v}}; otherwise it is {{IPAblink|f}}.
^ abcThe glottal stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in the coda: baik, bapak. It is also used between identical vowels in hiatus. Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g. bakso (meatballs). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an.
^In traditional Malay areas, the rhotic consonant {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as a velar or uvular fricative, {{IPAblink|ɣ}} or {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or trill {{IPAblink|r}}. Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas "paper" may be pronounced {{IPA|[krəˈtas]}} or {{IPA|[kərəˈtas]}}.
^The nasal consonant {{IPA|/m, n, ŋ, ɲ/}} nasalize following vowels, and may nasalize a subsequent vowel if the intervening consonant is {{IPA|/h, j, w, ʔ/}}.
^ abIn Malaysian, word-final {{IPA|/a/}} is often reduced to {{IPAblink|ə}}.
^ abcd{{IPA|[e, o]}} are allophones of {{IPA|/i, u/}} in native words, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loan words. The diphthongs {{IPA|/ai, au/}}, which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into {{IPA|[e, o]}}, respectively, especially in Java.
^The Malay/Indonesian {{IPA|/e/}} doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of clay (for most English dialects) and the vowel of get. The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
^ abcd{{IPA|/e, i, o, u/}} have laxallophones {{IPA|[ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ]}} in closed syllables, except that tense {{IPA|[i, u]}} occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and laax {{IPA|[ɛ, ɔ]}} also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
^Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa {{IPAblink|ə}}, stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.