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Daftar penerima Nobel

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Revisi sejak 9 Juni 2019 11.09 oleh LaninBot (bicara | kontrib) (namun (di tengah kalimat) → tetapi)

Penghargaan Nobel (bahasa Swedia: Nobelpriset, bahasa Norwegia: Nobelprisen) adalah penghargaan yang diberikan secara tahunan oleh Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Swedia, Akademi Swedia, Institut Karolinska, dan Komite Nobel Norwegia kepada individu dan organisasi yang membuat jasa-jasa menakjubkan dalam bidang kimia, fisika, sastra, perdamaian, dan fisiologi atau kedokteran[1] Penghargaan-penghargaan tersebut didirikan pada 1895 atas kehendak Alfred Nobel, yang memerintahkan agar penghargaan tersebut diurus oleh Yayasan Nobel. Nobel Ekonomi didirikan pada 1968 oleh Sveriges Riksbank, bank sentral Swedia, terhadap jasa-jasa pada bidang ekonomi. Setiap penerima meraih sebuah medali emas, sebuah diploma, dan sejumlah uang, yang diberikan oleh Yayasan Nobel, secara tahunan.[2]

Para penerima Nobel meraih sebuah medali emas bersama dengan sebuah diploma dan (pada 2012) 8 juta SEK (setara US$1.2 juta, €0.93 juta).
Para penerima Nobel 2012 Alvin E. Roth, Brian Kobilka, Robert J. Lefkowitz, David J. Wineland, dan Serge Haroche pada acara tersebut

Penghargaan

Setiap penghargaan diberikan oleh komite yang terpisah; Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Swedia memberikan Penghargaan Fisika, Kimia, dan Ekonomi, Institut Karolinska memberikan Penghargaan Fisiologi atau Kedokteran, dan Komite Nobel Norwegia memberikan Penghargaan Perdamaian.[3] Setiap pemerina meraih sebuah medali, sebuah diploma dan penghargaan uang yang jumlahnya bervariasi setiap tahun.[2] Pada 1901, para penerima Penghargaan Nobel pertama diberikan 150,782 SEK, yang setara dengan 7,731,004 SEK pada Desember 2007. Pada 2008, para penerima diberikan penghargaan sejumlah 10,000,000 SEK.[4] Penghargaan tersebut dipersembahkan di Stockholm dalam sebuah acara tahunan pada 10 Desember 10, hari peringatan kematian Nobel.[5]

Pada beberapa tahun, Penghargaan Nobel tidak diberikan karena peristiwa-peristiwa eksternal atau kurangnya nominasi, penghargaan uang dikembalikan kepada yayasan mendelegasikan untuk penghargaan relevan.[6] Penghargaan Nobel tidak diberikan antara 1940 dan 1942 karena pecahnya Perang Dunia II.[7]

Penerima

Antara 1901 dan 2015, Penghargaan Nobel dan Nobel Ekonomi dianugerahkan 573 kali kepada 900 orang dan organisasi. Dengan beberapa meraih Penghargaan Nobel lebih dari sekali, hal ini membuat jumlahnya menjadi 870 individual (mencakup 822 pria, 48 wanita) dan 21 organisasi. Empat penerima Nobel tidak diizinkan oleh pemerintah mereka untuk mendapatkan Penghargaan Nobel. Adolf Hitler melarang tiga orang Jerman, Richard Kuhn (Kimia, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Kimia, 1939), dan Gerhard Domagk (Fisiologi atau Kedokteran, 1939), untuk menerima Penghargaan Nobel mereka, dan pemerintah Uni Soviet menyuruh Boris Pasternak (Sastra, 1958) untuk menolak penghargaannya. Dua penerima Nobel, Jean-Paul Sartre (Sastra, 1964) dan Lê Ðức Thọ (Perdamaian, 1973), menolak penghargaan tersebut; Sartre menolak penghargaan tersebut karena ia menolak semua penghargaan resmi, dan Lê menolah penghargaan tersebut karena situasi Vietnam pada waktu itu.

Enam penerima meraih lebih dari satu penghargaan; dari keenamnya, Komite Palang Merah Internasional telah meraih Nobel Perdamaian sebanyak tiga kali, lebih banyak ketimbang yang lainnya.[8] UNHCR telah meraih penghargaan tersebut sebanyak dua kali dengan Nobel Perdamaian. Selain itu, Nobel Fisika diberikan kepada John Bardeen sebanyak dua kali, dan Nobel Kimia kepada Frederick Sanger. Dua penerima mendapatkan penghargaan sebanyak dua kali namun tidak pada bidang yang sama: Marie Curie (Fisika dan Kimia) dan Linus Pauling (Kimia dan Perdamaian). Di antara 870 penerima Nobel, 48 adalah wanita; wanita pertama yang meraih Penghargaan Nobel adalah Marie Curie, yang meraih Penghargaan Fisika pada 1903.[9] Ia juga menjadi orang pertama (laki-laki atau perempuan) yang meraih dua Penghargaan Nobel, penghargaan yang kedua adalah Nobel Kimia, yang diberikan pada 1911.[8]

Daftar penerima

Tahun Fisika Kimia Fisiologi dan Kedokteran Sastra Perdamaian Ekonomi
1901 Röntgen, WilhelmWilhelm Röntgen Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 'tJacobus Henricus van 't Hoff von Behring, Emil AdolfEmil Adolf von Behring Prudhomme, SullySully Prudhomme Dunant, HenryHenry Dunant;
Passy, FrédéricFrédéric Passy 		—
1902 Lorentz, HendrikHendrik Lorentz;
Zeeman, PieterPieter Zeeman 		Fischer, Hermann EmilHermann Emil Fischer Ross, RonaldRonald Ross Mommsen, TheodorTheodor Mommsen Ducommun, ÉlieÉlie Ducommun;
Gobat, Charles AlbertCharles Albert Gobat 		—
1903 Becquerel, HenriHenri Becquerel;
Curie, PierrePierre Curie;
Curie, MarieMarie Curie 		Arrhenius, SvanteSvante Arrhenius Finsen, Niels RybergNiels Ryberg Finsen Bjørnson, BjørnstjerneBjørnstjerne Bjørnson Cremer, RandalRandal Cremer —
1904 Rayleigh, The LordThe Lord Rayleigh Ramsay, WilliamWilliam Ramsay Pavlov, IvanIvan Pavlov Mistral, FrédéricFrédéric Mistral;
Echegaray, JoséJosé Echegaray 		Institut de Droit International —
1905 Lenard, PhilippPhilipp Lenard Baeyer, Adolf vonAdolf von Baeyer Koch, RobertRobert Koch Sienkiewicz, HenrykHenryk Sienkiewicz Suttner, Bertha vonBertha von Suttner —
1906 Thomson, J. J.J. J. Thomson Moissan, HenriHenri Moissan Golgi, CamilloCamillo Golgi;
Ramón y Cajal, SantiagoSantiago Ramón y Cajal 		Carducci, GiosuèGiosuè Carducci Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt —
1907 Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham Michelson Buchner, EduardEduard Buchner Laveran, Charles Louis AlphonseCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran Kipling, RudyardRudyard Kipling Moneta, Ernesto TeodoroErnesto Teodoro Moneta;
Renault, LouisLouis Renault 		—
1908 Lippmann, GabrielGabriel Lippmann Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford Metchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff;
Ehrlich, PaulPaul Ehrlich 		Eucken, Rudolf ChristophRudolf Christoph Eucken Arnoldson, Klas PontusKlas Pontus Arnoldson;
Bajer, FredrikFredrik Bajer 		—
1909 Braun, Karl FerdinandKarl Ferdinand Braun;
Marconi, GuglielmoGuglielmo Marconi 		Ostwald, WilhelmWilhelm Ostwald Kocher, Emil TheodorEmil Theodor Kocher Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf Beernaert, Auguste Marie FrançoisAuguste Marie François Beernaert;
d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-BenjaminPaul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant 		—
1910 Waals, Johannes Diderik van derJohannes Diderik van der Waals Wallach, OttoOtto Wallach Kossel, AlbrechtAlbrecht Kossel Heyse, PaulPaul Heyse International Peace Bureau —
1911 Wien, WilhelmWilhelm Wien Curie, MarieMarie Curie Gullstrand, AllvarAllvar Gullstrand Maeterlinck, MauriceMaurice Maeterlinck Asser, TobiasTobias Asser;
Fried, Alfred HermannAlfred Hermann Fried 		—
1912 Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén Grignard, VictorVictor Grignard;
Sabatier, PaulPaul Sabatier 		Carrel, AlexisAlexis Carrel Hauptmann, GerhartGerhart Hauptmann Root, ElihuElihu Root —
1913 Kamerlingh Onnes, HeikeHeike Kamerlingh Onnes Werner, AlfredAlfred Werner Richet, CharlesCharles Richet Tagore, RabindranathRabindranath Tagore La Fontaine, HenriHenri La Fontaine —
1914 von Laue, MaxMax von Laue Richards, Theodore WilliamTheodore William Richards Bárány, RobertRobert Bárány Tidak ada Tidak ada —
1915 Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg;
Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg 		Willstätter, RichardRichard Willstätter Tidak ada Rolland, RomainRomain Rolland Tidak ada —
1916 Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Heidenstam, Verner vonVerner von Heidenstam Tidak ada —
1917 Barkla, Charles GloverCharles Glover Barkla Tidak ada Tidak ada Gjellerup, Karl AdolphKarl Adolph Gjellerup;
Pontoppidan, HenrikHenrik Pontoppidan 		Palang Merah Internasional —
1918 Planck, MaxMax Planck Haber, FritzFritz Haber Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada —
1919 Stark, JohannesJohannes Stark Tidak ada Bordet, JulesJules Bordet Spitteler, CarlCarl Spitteler Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson —
1920 Guillaume, Charles ÉdouardCharles Édouard Guillaume Nernst, WaltherWalther Nernst Krogh, AugustAugust Krogh Hamsun, KnutKnut Hamsun Bourgeois, LéonLéon Bourgeois —
1921 Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein Soddy, FrederickFrederick Soddy Tidak ada France, AnatoleAnatole France Branting, HjalmarHjalmar Branting;
Lange, Christian LousChristian Lous Lange 		—
1922 Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr Aston, Francis WilliamFrancis William Aston Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill;
Meyerhof, Otto FritzOtto Fritz Meyerhof 		Benavente, JacintoJacinto Benavente Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen —
1923 Millikan, Robert AndrewsRobert Andrews Millikan Pregl, FritzFritz Pregl Banting, FrederickFrederick Banting;
Macleod, John James RichardJohn James Richard Macleod 		Yeats, W. B.W. B. Yeats Tidak ada —
1924 Siegbahn, ManneManne Siegbahn Tidak ada Einthoven, WillemWillem Einthoven Reymont, WładysławWładysław Reymont Tidak ada —
1925 Franck, JamesJames Franck;
Hertz, Gustav LudwigGustav Ludwig Hertz 		Zsigmondy, Richard AdolfRichard Adolf Zsigmondy Tidak ada Shaw, George BernardGeorge Bernard Shaw Chamberlain, AustenAusten Chamberlain;
Dawes, Charles G.Charles G. Dawes 		—
1926 Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean Baptiste Perrin Svedberg, TheodorTheodor Svedberg Fibiger, JohannesJohannes Fibiger Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda Briand, AristideAristide Briand;
Stresemann, GustavGustav Stresemann 		—
1927 Compton, ArthurArthur Compton;
Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson 		Wieland, Heinrich OttoHeinrich Otto Wieland Wagner-Jauregg, JuliusJulius Wagner-Jauregg Bergson, HenriHenri Bergson Buisson, FerdinandFerdinand Buisson;
Quidde, LudwigLudwig Quidde 		—
1928 Richardson, Owen WillansOwen Willans Richardson Windaus, Adolf Otto ReinholdAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Nicolle, CharlesCharles Nicolle Undset, SigridSigrid Undset Tidak ada —
1929 Broglie, Louis deLouis de Broglie Harden, ArthurArthur Harden;
von Euler-Chelpin, HansHans von Euler-Chelpin 		Eijkman, ChristiaanChristiaan Eijkman;
Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins 		Mann, ThomasThomas Mann Kellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg —
1930 Raman, C. V.C. V. Raman Fischer, HansHans Fischer Landsteiner, KarlKarl Landsteiner Lewis, SinclairSinclair Lewis Söderblom, NathanNathan Söderblom —
1931 Tidak ada Bosch, CarlCarl Bosch;
Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich Bergius 		Warburg, Otto HeinrichOtto Heinrich Warburg Karlfeldt, Erik AxelErik Axel Karlfeldt Addams, JaneJane Addams;
Butler, Nicholas MurrayNicholas Murray Butler 		—
1932 Heisenberg, WernerWerner Heisenberg Langmuir, IrvingIrving Langmuir Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington;
Adrian, EdgarEdgar Adrian 		Galsworthy, JohnJohn Galsworthy Tidak ada —
1933 Schrödinger, ErwinErwin Schrödinger;
Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac 		Tidak ada Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan Bunin, IvanIvan Bunin Angell, NormanNorman Angell —
1934 Tidak ada Urey, HaroldHarold Urey Whipple, GeorgeGeorge Whipple;
Minot, GeorgeGeorge Minot;
Murphy, William P.William P. Murphy 		Pirandello, LuigiLuigi Pirandello Henderson, ArthurArthur Henderson —
1935 Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick Joliot-Curie, FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-Curie;
Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie 		Spemann, HansHans Spemann Tidak ada von Ossietzky, CarlCarl von Ossietzky —
1936 Hess, Victor FrancisVictor Francis Hess;
Anderson, Carl DavidCarl David Anderson 		Debye, PeterPeter Debye Dale, Henry HallettHenry Hallett Dale;
Loewi, OttoOtto Loewi 		O'Neill, EugeneEugene O'Neill Lamas, Carlos SaavedraCarlos Saavedra Lamas —
1937 Davisson, ClintonClinton Davisson;
Thomson, George PagetGeorge Paget Thomson 		Haworth, NormanNorman Haworth;
Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer 		Szent-Györgyi, AlbertAlbert Szent-Györgyi du Gard, Roger MartinRoger Martin du Gard Cecil of Chelwood, The ViscountThe Viscount Cecil of Chelwood —
1938 Fermi, EnricoEnrico Fermi Kuhn, RichardRichard Kuhn[A] Heymans, CorneilleCorneille Heymans Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck Nansen International Office For Refugees —
1939 Lawrence, ErnestErnest Lawrence Butenandt, AdolfAdolf Butenandt;[A]
Ruzicka, LeopoldLeopold Ruzicka 		Domagk, GerhardGerhard Domagk[A] Sillanpää, Frans EemilFrans Eemil Sillanpää Tidak ada —
1940 Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada —
1941 Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada —
1942 Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada Tidak ada —
1943 Stern, OttoOtto Stern Hevesy, George deGeorge de Hevesy Dam, HenrikHenrik Dam;
Doisy, Edward AdelbertEdward Adelbert Doisy 		Tidak ada Tidak ada —
1944 Rabi, Isidor IsaacIsidor Isaac Rabi Hahn, OttoOtto Hahn Erlanger, JosephJoseph Erlanger;
Gasser, Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer Gasser 		Jensen, Johannes VilhelmJohannes Vilhelm Jensen Komite Internasional Palang Merah —
1945 Pauli, WolfgangWolfgang Pauli Virtanen, Artturi IlmariArtturi Ilmari Virtanen Fleming, AlexanderAlexander Fleming;
Chain, Ernst BorisErnst Boris Chain;
Florey, HowardHoward Florey 		Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral Hull, CordellCordell Hull —
1946 Bridgman, Percy WilliamsPercy Williams Bridgman Sumner, James B.James B. Sumner;
Northrop, John HowardJohn Howard Northrop;
Stanley, Wendell MeredithWendell Meredith Stanley 		Muller, Hermann JosephHermann Joseph Muller Hesse, HermannHermann Hesse Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch;
Mott, JohnJohn Mott 		—
1947 Appleton, Edward VictorEdward Victor Appleton Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson Cori, Carl FerdinandCarl Ferdinand Cori;
Cori, GertyGerty Cori;
Houssay, BernardoBernardo Houssay 		Gide, AndréAndré Gide Friends Service Council;
American Friends Service Committee 		—
1948 Blackett, PatrickPatrick Blackett Tiselius, ArneArne Tiselius Müller, Paul HermannPaul Hermann Müller Eliot, T. S.T. S. Eliot Tidak ada[B] —
1949 Yukawa, HidekiHideki Yukawa Giauque, WilliamWilliam Giauque Hess, Walter RudolfWalter Rudolf Hess;
Moniz, António EgasAntónio Egas Moniz 		Faulkner, WilliamWilliam Faulkner Boyd Orr, JohnJohn Boyd Orr —
1950 Powell, Cecil FrankCecil Frank Powell Diels, OttoOtto Diels;
Alder, KurtKurt Alder 		Hench, Philip ShowalterPhilip Showalter Hench;
Kendall, Edward CalvinEdward Calvin Kendall;
Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein 		Russell, The EarlThe Earl Russell Bunche, RalphRalph Bunche —
1951 Cockcroft, JohnJohn Cockcroft;
Walton, ErnestErnest Walton 		McMillan, EdwinEdwin McMillan;
Seaborg, Glenn T.Glenn T. Seaborg 		Theiler, MaxMax Theiler Lagerkvist, PärPär Lagerkvist Jouhaux, LéonLéon Jouhaux —
1952 Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch;
Purcell, Edward MillsEdward Mills Purcell 		Martin, Archer John PorterArcher John Porter Martin;
Synge, Richard Laurence MillingtonRichard Laurence Millington Synge 		Waksman, SelmanSelman Waksman Mauriac, FrançoisFrançois Mauriac Schweitzer, AlbertAlbert Schweitzer —
1953 Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike Staudinger, HermannHermann Staudinger Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs;
Lipmann, Fritz AlbertFritz Albert Lipmann 		Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall —
1954 Born, MaxMax Born;
Bothe, WaltherWalther Bothe 		Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling Enders, John FranklinJohn Franklin Enders;
Robbins, Frederick ChapmanFrederick Chapman Robbins;
Weller, Thomas HuckleThomas Huckle Weller 		Hemingway, ErnestErnest Hemingway United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees —
1955 Lamb, WillisWillis Lamb;
Kusch, PolykarpPolykarp Kusch 		du Vigneaud, VincentVincent du Vigneaud Theorell, HugoHugo Theorell Laxness, HalldórHalldór Laxness Tidak ada —
1956 Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;
Brattain, Walter HouserWalter Houser Brattain;
Shockley, WilliamWilliam Shockley 		Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood;
Semyonov, NikolayNikolay Semyonov 		Cournand, André FrédéricAndré Frédéric Cournand;
Forssmann, WernerWerner Forssmann;
Richards, Dickinson W.Dickinson W. Richards 		Jiménez, Juan RamónJuan Ramón Jiménez Tidak ada —
1957 Yang, Chen NingChen Ning Yang;
Lee, Tsung-DaoTsung-Dao Lee 		Todd, The LordThe Lord Todd Bovet, DanielDaniel Bovet Camus, AlbertAlbert Camus Pearson, Lester B.Lester B. Pearson —
1958 Cherenkov, PavelPavel Cherenkov;
Frank, IlyaIlya Frank;
Tamm, IgorIgor Tamm 		Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger Beadle, George WellsGeorge Wells Beadle;
Tatum, Edward LawrieEdward Lawrie Tatum;
Lederberg, JoshuaJoshua Lederberg 		Pasternak, BorisBoris Pasternak[C] Pire, DominiqueDominique Pire —
1959 Segrè, Emilio G.Emilio G. Segrè;
Chamberlain, OwenOwen Chamberlain 		Heyrovský, JaroslavJaroslav Heyrovský Kornberg, ArthurArthur Kornberg;
Ochoa, SeveroSevero Ochoa 		Quasimodo, SalvatoreSalvatore Quasimodo Noel-Baker, PhilipPhilip Noel-Baker —
1960 Glaser, Donald A.Donald A. Glaser Libby, WillardWillard Libby Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet;
Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar 		Perse, Saint-JohnSaint-John Perse Lutuli, AlbertAlbert Lutuli —
1961 Hofstadter, RobertRobert Hofstadter;
Mössbauer, RudolfRudolf Mössbauer 		Calvin, MelvinMelvin Calvin von Békésy, GeorgGeorg von Békésy Andrić, IvoIvo Andrić Hammarskjöld, DagDag Hammarskjöld —
1962 Landau, LevLev Landau Perutz, MaxMax Perutz;
Kendrew, JohnJohn Kendrew 		Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick;
Watson, James D.James D. Watson;
Wilkins, MauriceMaurice Wilkins 		Steinbeck, JohnJohn Steinbeck Pauling, LinusLinus Pauling —
1963 Wigner, EugeneEugene Wigner;
Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer;
Jensen, J. Hans D.J. Hans D. Jensen 		Ziegler, KarlKarl Ziegler;
Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta 		Eccles, JohnJohn Eccles;
Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin;
Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley 		Seferis, GiorgosGiorgos Seferis Komite Internasional Palang Merah;
Gerakan Internasional Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah 		—
1964 Townes, Charles HardCharles Hard Townes;
Basov, NikolayNikolay Basov;
Prokhorov, AlexanderAlexander Prokhorov 		Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin Bloch, Konrad EmilKonrad Emil Bloch;
Lynen, Feodor Felix KonradFeodor Felix Konrad Lynen 		Sartre, Jean-PaulJean-Paul Sartre[D] King, Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King, Jr. —
1965 Tomonaga, Sin-ItiroSin-Itiro Tomonaga;
Schwinger, JulianJulian Schwinger;
Feynman, RichardRichard Feynman 		Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward Jacob, FrançoisFrançois Jacob;
Lwoff, André MichelAndré Michel Lwoff;
Monod, JacquesJacques Monod 		Sholokhov, MikhailMikhail Sholokhov United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) —
1966 Kastler, AlfredAlfred Kastler Mulliken, Robert S.Robert S. Mulliken Rous, Francis PeytonFrancis Peyton Rous;
Huggins, Charles BrentonCharles Brenton Huggins 		Agnon, Shmuel YosefShmuel Yosef Agnon;
Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs 		Tidak ada —
1967 Bethe, HansHans Bethe Eigen, ManfredManfred Eigen;
Norrish, Ronald George WreyfordRonald George Wreyford Norrish;
Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter 		Granit, RagnarRagnar Granit;
Hartline, Haldan KefferHaldan Keffer Hartline;
Wald, GeorgeGeorge Wald 		Asturias, Miguel ÁngelMiguel Ángel Asturias Tidak ada —
1968 Alvarez, Luis WalterLuis Walter Alvarez Onsager, LarsLars Onsager Holley, Robert W.Robert W. Holley;
Khorana, Har GobindHar Gobind Khorana;
Nirenberg, Marshall WarrenMarshall Warren Nirenberg 		Kawabata, YasunariYasunari Kawabata Cassin, RenéRené Cassin —
1969 Gell-Mann, MurrayMurray Gell-Mann Barton, DerekDerek Barton;
Hassel, OddOdd Hassel 		Delbrück, MaxMax Delbrück;
Hershey, AlfredAlfred Hershey;
Luria, SalvadorSalvador Luria 		Beckett, SamuelSamuel Beckett International Labour Organization Frisch, RagnarRagnar Frisch;
Tinbergen, JanJan Tinbergen
1970 Alfvén, HannesHannes Alfvén;
Néel, LouisLouis Néel 		Leloir, Luis FedericoLuis Federico Leloir Axelrod, JuliusJulius Axelrod;
von Euler, UlfUlf von Euler;
Katz, BernardBernard Katz 		Solzhenitsyn, AleksandrAleksandr Solzhenitsyn Borlaug, NormanNorman Borlaug Samuelson, PaulPaul Samuelson
1971 Gabor, DennisDennis Gabor Herzberg, GerhardGerhard Herzberg Sutherland, Jr., Earl WilburEarl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. Neruda, PabloPablo Neruda Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt Kuznets, SimonSimon Kuznets
1972 Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;
Cooper, LeonLeon Cooper;
Schrieffer, John RobertJohn Robert Schrieffer 		Anfinsen, Christian B.Christian B. Anfinsen;
Moore, StanfordStanford Moore;
Stein, William HowardWilliam Howard Stein 		Edelman, GeraldGerald Edelman;
Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter 		Böll, HeinrichHeinrich Böll Tidak ada Hicks, JohnJohn Hicks;
Arrow, KennethKenneth Arrow
1973 Esaki, LeoLeo Esaki;
Giaever, IvarIvar Giaever;
Josephson, Brian DavidBrian David Josephson 		Fischer, Ernst OttoErnst Otto Fischer;
Wilkinson, GeoffreyGeoffrey Wilkinson 		von Frisch, KarlKarl von Frisch;
Lorenz, KonradKonrad Lorenz;
Tinbergen, NikolaasNikolaas Tinbergen 		White, PatrickPatrick White Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger;
Duc Tho, LeLe Duc Tho[E] 		Leontief, WassilyWassily Leontief
1974 Ryle, MartinMartin Ryle;
Hewish, AntonyAntony Hewish 		Flory, PaulPaul Flory Claude, AlbertAlbert Claude;
de Duve, ChristianChristian de Duve;
Palade, George EmilGeorge Emil Palade 		Johnson, EyvindEyvind Johnson;
Martinson, HarryHarry Martinson 		MacBride, SeánSeán MacBride;
Satō, EisakuEisaku Satō 		Myrdal, GunnarGunnar Myrdal;
Hayek, FriedrichFriedrich Hayek
1975 Bohr, AageAage Bohr;
Mottelson, Ben RoyBen Roy Mottelson;
Rainwater, JamesJames Rainwater 		Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth;
Prelog, VladimirVladimir Prelog 		Baltimore, DavidDavid Baltimore;
Dulbecco, RenatoRenato Dulbecco;
Temin, Howard MartinHoward Martin Temin 		Montale, EugenioEugenio Montale Sakharov, AndreiAndrei Sakharov Kantorovich, LeonidLeonid Kantorovich;
Koopmans, TjallingTjalling Koopmans
1976 Richter, BurtonBurton Richter;
Ting, Samuel C. C.Samuel C. C. Ting 		Lipscomb, WilliamWilliam Lipscomb Blumberg, Baruch SamuelBaruch Samuel Blumberg;
Gajdusek, Daniel CarletonDaniel Carleton Gajdusek 		Bellow, SaulSaul Bellow Williams, BettyBetty Williams;
Maguire, MaireadMairead Maguire 		Friedman, MiltonMilton Friedman
1977 Anderson, Philip WarrenPhilip Warren Anderson;
Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott;
Van Vleck, John HasbrouckJohn Hasbrouck Van Vleck 		Prigogine, IlyaIlya Prigogine Guillemin, RogerRoger Guillemin;
Schally, AndrewAndrew Schally;
Yalow, Rosalyn SussmanRosalyn Sussman Yalow 		Aleixandre, VicenteVicente Aleixandre Amnesty International Ohlin, BertilBertil Ohlin;
Meade, JamesJames Meade
1978 Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa;
Penzias, Arno AllanArno Allan Penzias;
Wilson, Robert WoodrowRobert Woodrow Wilson 		Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell Arber, WernerWerner Arber;
Nathans, DanielDaniel Nathans;
Smith, Hamilton O.Hamilton O. Smith 		Singer, Isaac BashevisIsaac Bashevis Singer Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat;
Begin, MenachemMenachem Begin 		Simon, Herbert A.Herbert A. Simon
1979 Glashow, Sheldon LeeSheldon Lee Glashow;
Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam;
Weinberg, StevenSteven Weinberg 		Brown, Herbert C.Herbert C. Brown;
Wittig, GeorgGeorg Wittig 		Cormack, Allan McLeodAllan McLeod Cormack;
Hounsfield, GodfreyGodfrey Hounsfield 		Elytis, OdysseasOdysseas Elytis Teresa, MotherMother Teresa Schultz, TheodoreTheodore Schultz;
Lewis, ArthurArthur Lewis
1980 Cronin, JamesJames Cronin;
Fitch, Val LogsdonVal Logsdon Fitch 		Berg, PaulPaul Berg;
Gilbert, WalterWalter Gilbert;
Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger 		Benacerraf, BarujBaruj Benacerraf;
Dausset, JeanJean Dausset;
Snell, George DavisGeorge Davis Snell 		Miłosz, CzesławCzesław Miłosz Esquivel, Adolfo PérezAdolfo Pérez Esquivel Klein, LawrenceLawrence Klein
1981 Bloembergen, NicolaasNicolaas Bloembergen;
Schawlow, Arthur LeonardArthur Leonard Schawlow;
Siegbahn, KaiKai Siegbahn 		Fukui, KenichiKenichi Fukui;
Hoffmann, RoaldRoald Hoffmann 		Sperry, Roger WolcottRoger Wolcott Sperry;
Hubel, David H.David H. Hubel;
Wiesel, TorstenTorsten Wiesel 		Canetti, EliasElias Canetti United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Tobin, JamesJames Tobin
1982 Wilson, Kenneth G.Kenneth G. Wilson Klug, AaronAaron Klug Bergström, SuneSune Bergström;
Samuelsson, Bengt I.Bengt I. Samuelsson;
Vane, JohnJohn Vane 		Márquez, Gabriel GarcíaGabriel García Márquez Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal;
Robles, Alfonso GarcíaAlfonso García Robles 		Stigler, GeorgeGeorge Stigler
1983 Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar;
Fowler, William AlfredWilliam Alfred Fowler 		Taube, HenryHenry Taube McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock Golding, WilliamWilliam Golding Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa Debreu, GérardGérard Debreu
1984 Rubbia, CarloCarlo Rubbia;
van der Meer, SimonSimon van der Meer 		Merrifield, Robert BruceRobert Bruce Merrifield Jerne, Niels KajNiels Kaj Jerne;
Köhler, Georges J. F.Georges J. F. Köhler;
Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein 		Seifert, JaroslavJaroslav Seifert Tutu, DesmondDesmond Tutu Stone, RichardRichard Stone
1985 von Klitzing, KlausKlaus von Klitzing Hauptman, Herbert A.Herbert A. Hauptman;
Karle, JeromeJerome Karle 		Brown, Michael StuartMichael Stuart Brown;
Goldstein, Joseph L.Joseph L. Goldstein 		Simon, ClaudeClaude Simon International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Modigliani, FrancoFranco Modigliani
1986 Ruska, ErnstErnst Ruska;
Binnig, GerdGerd Binnig;
Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich Rohrer 		Herschbach, Dudley R.Dudley R. Herschbach;
Lee, Yuan T.Yuan T. Lee;
Polanyi, JohnJohn Polanyi 		Cohen, StanleyStanley Cohen;
Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini 		Soyinka, WoleWole Soyinka Wiesel, ElieElie Wiesel Buchanan, James M.James M. Buchanan
1987 Bednorz, Johannes GeorgJohannes Georg Bednorz;
Müller, Karl AlexanderKarl Alexander Müller 		Cram, Donald J.Donald J. Cram;
Lehn, Jean-MarieJean-Marie Lehn;
Pedersen, Charles J.Charles J. Pedersen 		Tonegawa, SusumuSusumu Tonegawa Brodsky, JosephJoseph Brodsky Arias, ÓscarÓscar Arias Solow, RobertRobert Solow
1988 Lederman, Leon M.Leon M. Lederman;
Schwartz, MelvinMelvin Schwartz;
Steinberger, JackJack Steinberger 		Deisenhofer, JohannJohann Deisenhofer;
Huber, RobertRobert Huber;
Michel, HartmutHartmut Michel 		Black, James W.James W. Black;
Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion;
Hitchings, George H.George H. Hitchings 		Mahfouz, NaguibNaguib Mahfouz Pasukan pemelihara perdamaian Allais, MauriceMaurice Allais
1989 Ramsey, Jr., Norman FosterNorman Foster Ramsey, Jr.;
Dehmelt, Hans GeorgHans Georg Dehmelt;
Paul, WolfgangWolfgang Paul 		Altman, SidneySidney Altman;
Cech, ThomasThomas Cech 		Bishop, J. MichaelJ. Michael Bishop;
Varmus, Harold E.Harold E. Varmus 		Cela, Camilo JoséCamilo José Cela Lama, DalaiDalai Lama Haavelmo, TrygveTrygve Haavelmo
1990 Friedman, Jerome IsaacJerome Isaac Friedman;
Kendall, Henry WayHenry Way Kendall;
Taylor, Richard E.Richard E. Taylor 		Corey, Elias JamesElias James Corey Murray, JosephJoseph Murray;
Thomas, E. DonnallE. Donnall Thomas 		Paz, OctavioOctavio Paz Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev Markowitz, HarryHarry Markowitz;
Miller, MertonMerton Miller;
Sharpe, William ForsythWilliam Forsyth Sharpe
1991 Gennes, Pierre-Gilles dePierre-Gilles de Gennes Ernst, Richard R.Richard R. Ernst Neher, ErwinErwin Neher;
Sakmann, BertBert Sakmann 		Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi Coase, RonaldRonald Coase
1992 Charpak, GeorgesGeorges Charpak Marcus, Rudolph A.Rudolph A. Marcus Fischer, Edmond H.Edmond H. Fischer;
Krebs, Edwin G.Edwin G. Krebs 		Walcott, DerekDerek Walcott Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú Becker, GaryGary Becker
1993 Hulse, Russell AlanRussell Alan Hulse;
Taylor, Jr., Joseph HootonJoseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. 		Mullis, KaryKary Mullis;
Smith, MichaelMichael Smith 		Roberts, Richard J.Richard J. Roberts;
Sharp, Phillip AllenPhillip Allen Sharp 		Morrison, ToniToni Morrison Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela;
de Klerk, F. W.F. W. de Klerk 		Fogel, RobertRobert Fogel;
North, DouglassDouglass North
1994 Brockhouse, BertramBertram Brockhouse;
Shull, CliffordClifford Shull 		Olah, George AndrewGeorge Andrew Olah Gilman, Alfred G.Alfred G. Gilman;
Rodbell, MartinMartin Rodbell 		Ōe, KenzaburōKenzaburō Ōe Arafat, YasserYasser Arafat;
Peres, ShimonShimon Peres;
Rabin, YitzhakYitzhak Rabin 		Harsanyi, JohnJohn Harsanyi;
Nash, Jr., John ForbesJohn Forbes Nash, Jr.;
Selten, ReinhardReinhard Selten
1995 Perl, Martin LewisMartin Lewis Perl;
Reines, FrederickFrederick Reines 		Crutzen, Paul J.Paul J. Crutzen;
Molina, Mario J.Mario J. Molina;
Rowland, Frank SherwoodFrank Sherwood Rowland 		Lewis, Edward B.Edward B. Lewis;
Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard;
Wieschaus, Eric F.Eric F. Wieschaus 		Heaney, SeamusSeamus Heaney Rotblat, JosephJoseph Rotblat;
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs 		Lucas, Jr., RobertRobert Lucas, Jr.
1996 Lee, David MorrisDavid Morris Lee;
Osheroff, DouglasDouglas Osheroff;
Richardson, Robert ColemanRobert Coleman Richardson 		Curl Jr., Robert F.Robert F. Curl Jr.;
Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto;
Smalley, RichardRichard Smalley 		Doherty, Peter C.Peter C. Doherty;
Zinkernagel, Rolf M.Rolf M. Zinkernagel 		Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska Belo, Carlos Filipe XimenesCarlos Filipe Ximenes Belo;
Ramos-Horta, JoséJosé Ramos-Horta 		Mirrlees, JamesJames Mirrlees;
Vickrey, WilliamWilliam Vickrey
1997 Chu, StevenSteven Chu;
Cohen-Tannoudji, ClaudeClaude Cohen-Tannoudji;
Phillips, William DanielWilliam Daniel Phillips 		Boyer, Paul D.Paul D. Boyer;
Walker, John E.John E. Walker;
Skou, Jens ChristianJens Christian Skou 		Prusiner, Stanley B.Stanley B. Prusiner Fo, DarioDario Fo International Campaign to Ban Landmines;
Williams, JodyJody Williams 		Merton, Robert C.Robert C. Merton;
Scholes, MyronMyron Scholes
1998 Laughlin, Robert B.Robert B. Laughlin;
Störmer, Horst LudwigHorst Ludwig Störmer;
Tsui, Daniel C.Daniel C. Tsui 		Kohn, WalterWalter Kohn;
Pople, JohnJohn Pople 		Furchgott, Robert F.Robert F. Furchgott;
Ignarro, LouisLouis Ignarro;
Murad, FeridFerid Murad 		Saramago, JoséJosé Saramago Hume, JohnJohn Hume;
Trimble, DavidDavid Trimble 		Sen, AmartyaAmartya Sen
1999 Hooft, Gerard 'tGerard 't Hooft;
Veltman, Martinus J. G.Martinus J. G. Veltman 		Zewail, AhmedAhmed Zewail Blobel, GünterGünter Blobel Grass, GünterGünter Grass Médecins Sans Frontières Mundell, RobertRobert Mundell
2000 Alferov, ZhoresZhores Alferov;
Kroemer, HerbertHerbert Kroemer;
Kilby, JackJack Kilby 		Heeger, Alan J.Alan J. Heeger;
MacDiarmid, AlanAlan MacDiarmid;
Shirakawa, HidekiHideki Shirakawa 		Carlsson, ArvidArvid Carlsson;
Greengard, PaulPaul Greengard;
Kandel, EricEric Kandel 		Xingjian, GaoGao Xingjian Dae-jung, KimKim Dae-jung Heckman, JamesJames Heckman;
McFadden, DanielDaniel McFadden
2001 Cornell, Eric AllinEric Allin Cornell;
Ketterle, WolfgangWolfgang Ketterle;
Wieman, CarlCarl Wieman 		Knowles, William StandishWilliam Standish Knowles;
Noyori, RyōjiRyōji Noyori;
Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl Barry Sharpless 		Hartwell, Leland H.Leland H. Hartwell;
Hunt, TimTim Hunt;
Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse 		Naipaul, V. S.V. S. Naipaul United Nations;
Annan, KofiKofi Annan 		Akerlof, GeorgeGeorge Akerlof;
Spence, MichaelMichael Spence;
Stiglitz, JosephJoseph Stiglitz
2002 Davis, Jr., RaymondRaymond Davis, Jr.;
Koshiba, MasatoshiMasatoshi Koshiba;
Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo Giacconi 		Fenn, JohnJohn Fenn;
Tanaka, KoichiKoichi Tanaka;
Wüthrich, KurtKurt Wüthrich 		Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner;
Horvitz, H. RobertH. Robert Horvitz;
Sulston, JohnJohn Sulston 		Kertész, ImreImre Kertész Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter Kahneman, DanielDaniel Kahneman;
Smith, Vernon L.Vernon L. Smith
2003 Abrikosov, Alexei AlexeyevichAlexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov;
Ginzburg, VitalyVitaly Ginzburg;
Leggett, Anthony JamesAnthony James Leggett 		Agre, PeterPeter Agre;
MacKinnon, RoderickRoderick MacKinnon 		Lauterbur, PaulPaul Lauterbur;
Mansfield, PeterPeter Mansfield 		Coetzee, J. M.J. M. Coetzee Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi Engle, Robert F.Robert F. Engle;
Granger, CliveClive Granger
2004 Gross, DavidDavid Gross;
Politzer, Hugh DavidHugh David Politzer;
Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek 		Ciechanover, AaronAaron Ciechanover;
Hershko, AvramAvram Hershko;
Rose, IrwinIrwin Rose 		Axel, RichardRichard Axel;
Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck 		Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai Kydland, Finn E.Finn E. Kydland;
Prescott, Edward C.Edward C. Prescott
2005 Glauber, Roy J.Roy J. Glauber;
Hall, John L.John L. Hall;
Hänsch, Theodor W.Theodor W. Hänsch 		Chauvin, YvesYves Chauvin;
Grubbs, Robert H.Robert H. Grubbs;
Schrock, Richard R.Richard R. Schrock 		Marshall, BarryBarry Marshall;
Warren, RobinRobin Warren 		Pinter, HaroldHarold Pinter International Atomic Energy Agency;
ElBaradei, MohamedMohamed ElBaradei 		Aumann, RobertRobert Aumann;
Schelling, ThomasThomas Schelling
2006 Mather, John C.John C. Mather;
Smoot, GeorgeGeorge Smoot 		Kornberg, Roger D.Roger D. Kornberg Fire, AndrewAndrew Fire;
Mello, CraigCraig Mello 		Pamuk, OrhanOrhan Pamuk Yunus, MuhammadMuhammad Yunus;
Grameen Bank 		Phelps, EdmundEdmund Phelps
2007 Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert;
Grünberg, PeterPeter Grünberg 		Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl Capecchi, MarioMario Capecchi;
Evans, MartinMartin Evans;
Smithies, OliverOliver Smithies 		Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
Gore, AlAl Gore 		Hurwicz, LeonidLeonid Hurwicz;
Maskin, EricEric Maskin;
Myerson, RogerRoger Myerson
2008 Nambu, YoichiroYoichiro Nambu;
Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto Kobayashi;
Maskawa, ToshihideToshihide Maskawa 		Shimomura, OsamuOsamu Shimomura;
Chalfie, MartinMartin Chalfie;
Tsien, Roger Y.Roger Y. Tsien 		zur Hausen, HaraldHarald zur Hausen;
Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi;
Montagnier, LucLuc Montagnier 		Le Clézio, J. M. G.J. M. G. Le Clézio Ahtisaari, MarttiMartti Ahtisaari Krugman, PaulPaul Krugman
2009 Kao, Charles K.Charles K. Kao;
Boyle, Willard S.Willard S. Boyle;
Smith, George E.George E. Smith 		Ramakrishnan, VenkatramanVenkatraman Ramakrishnan;
Steitz, Thomas A.Thomas A. Steitz;
Yonath, AdaAda Yonath 		Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn;
Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider;
Szostak, Jack W.Jack W. Szostak 		Müller, HertaHerta Müller Obama, BarackBarack Obama Ostrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom;
Williamson, Oliver E.Oliver E. Williamson
2010 Geim, AndreAndre Geim;
Novoselov, KonstantinKonstantin Novoselov
 Heck, RichardRichard Heck;
Negishi, Ei-ichiEi-ichi Negishi;
Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki
 Edwards, Robert G.Robert G. Edwards Vargas Llosa, MarioMario Vargas Llosa Xiaobo, LiuLiu Xiaobo[F] Diamond, Peter A.Peter A. Diamond;
Mortensen, Dale T.Dale T. Mortensen;
Pissarides, Christopher A.Christopher A. Pissarides
2011 Perlmutter, SaulSaul Perlmutter;
Riess, Adam G.Adam G. Riess;
Schmidt, Brian P.Brian P. Schmidt 		Shechtman, DanDan Shechtman Beutler, BruceBruce Beutler;
Hoffmann, Jules A.Jules A. Hoffmann;
Steinman, Ralph M.Ralph M. Steinman 		Tranströmer, TomasTomas Tranströmer Sirleaf, Ellen JohnsonEllen Johnson Sirleaf;
Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee;
Karman, TawakkulTawakkul Karman 		Sargent, Thomas J.Thomas J. Sargent;
Sims, Christopher A.Christopher A. Sims
2012 Haroche, SergeSerge Haroche;
Wineland, David J.David J. Wineland 		Lefkowitz, Robert J.Robert J. Lefkowitz;
Kobilka, Brian K.Brian K. Kobilka 		Yamanaka, ShinyaShinya Yamanaka Yan, MoMo Yan Eropa, UniUni Eropa Roth, Alvin E.Alvin E. Roth;
Shapley, Lloyd S.Lloyd S. Shapley
2013 Englert, FrançoisFrançois Englert;
Higgs, Peter W.Peter W. Higgs 		Karplus, MartinMartin Karplus;
Levitt, MichaelMichael Levitt;
Warshel, AriehArieh Warshel 		Rothman, James E.James E. Rothman;
Schekman, Randy W.Randy W. Schekman;
Südhof, Thomas C.Thomas C. Südhof 		Munro, AliceAlice Munro Pelarangan Senjata Kimia, OrganisasiOrganisasi Pelarangan Senjata Kimia Fama, Eugene F.Eugene F. Fama;
Hansen, Lars PeterLars Peter Hansen;
Shiller, Robert J.Robert J. Shiller
2014 Akasaki, IsamuIsamu Akasaki;
Amano, HiroshiHiroshi Amano;
Nakamura, ShujiShuji Nakamura 		Betzig, EricEric Betzig;
Hell, StefanStefan Hell;
Moerner, WilliamWilliam Moerner 		O'Keefe, JohnJohn O'Keefe;
Moser, May-BrittMay-Britt Moser;
Moser, EdvardEdvard Moser 		Modiano, PatrickPatrick Modiano Satyarthi, KailashKailash Satyarthi;
Yousafzai, MalalaMalala Yousafzai 		Tirole, JeanJean Tirole
2015 Kajita, TakaakiTakaaki Kajita;
McDonald, Arthur B.Arthur B. McDonald 		Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl;
Modrich, Paul L.Paul L. Modrich;
Sancar, AzizAziz Sancar 		Campbell, William C.William C. Campbell;
Ōmura, SatoshiSatoshi Ōmura;
Youyou, TuTu Youyou 		Alexievich, SvetlanaSvetlana Alexievich Kuartet Dialog Nasional, TunisiaTunisia Kuartet Dialog Nasional Deaton, AngusAngus Deaton
2016[10] J. Thouless, DavidDavid J. Thouless;
Haldane, DuncanDuncan Haldane;
Kosterlitz, John M.John M. Kosterlitz 		Sauvage, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Sauvage;
Stoddart, FraserFraser Stoddart;
Feringa, BenBen Feringa 		Ohsumi, YoshinoriYoshinori Ohsumi Dylan, BobBob Dylan Santos, Juan ManuelJuan Manuel Santos Hart, Oliver SimonOliver Simon Hart;
Holmström, Bengt R.Bengt R. Holmström
2017 Weiss, RainerRainer Weiss;
Barish, BarryBarry Barish;
Thorne, KipKip Thorne 		Dubochet, JacquesJacques Dubochet;
Frank, JoachimJoachim Frank;
Henderson, RichardRichard Henderson 		Hall, Jeffrey C.Jeffrey C. Hall;
Rosbash, MichaelMichael Rosbash;
Young, Michael W.Michael W. Young 		Kazuo Ishiguro Kampanye Internasional untuk Peniadaan Senjata Nuklir Thaler, RichardRichard Thaler
2018 Ashkin, ArthurArthur Ashkin;
Mourou, GérardGérard Mourou;
Strickland, DonnaDonna Strickland 		Arnold, Frances H.Frances H. Arnold;
Smith, George P.George P. Smith;
Winter, GregGreg Winter 		Allison, James P.James P. Allison;
Honjo, TasukuTasuku Honjo 		Tidak ada (Ditunda) Mukwege, DenisDenis Mukwege;
Murad, NadiaNadia Murad 		Nordhaus, WilliamWilliam Nordhaus;
Romer, PaulPaul Romer
Tahun Fisika Kimia Fisiologi dan Kedokteran Sastra Perdamaian Ekonomi

Catatan

  • A Pada 1938 dan 1939, pemerintah Jerman tidak mengizinkan tiga nominasi Nobel Jerman untuk mendapatkan Penghargaan Nobel mereka. Ketiganya adalah Richard Kuhn, penerima Nobel Kimia pada 1938; Adolf Butenandt, penerima Nobel Kimia pada 1939; dan Gerhard Domagk, penerima Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran pada 1939. Mereka kemudian meraih diploma dan medali Penghargaan Nobel, tetapi tidak dengan uangnya.[8]
  • B Pada 1948, Penghargaan Nobel Perdamaian tidak diberikan. Situs web Yayasan Nobel berkata bahwa penghargaan tersebut akan diberikan kepada Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, tetapi, karena pembunuhannya pada tahun sebelumnya, yayasan tersebut memutuskan untuk tidak memberikan penghargaan tersebut.[11]
  • C Pada 1958, Boris Pasternak kelahiran Rusia, dibawah bujukan dari pemerintah Uni Soviet, terpaksa menolak Nobel Sastra.[8]
  • D Pada 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre menolak untuk diberikan Nobel Perdamaian, karena ia secara konsisten menolak semua penghargaan resmi pada masa lampau.[8]
  • E Pada 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ menolak Nobel Perdamaian. Alasannya adalah ia merasa tidak layak karena meskipun ia membantu menegosiasikan Persetujuan Damai Paris (sebuah gencatan senjata dalam Perang Vietnam), peristiwa tersebut tidaklah menjadi perjanjian damai yang sebenarnya.[7][8]
  • F Pada 2010, Liu Xiaobo tidak menerima Nobel Perdamaian karena ia dihukum 11 tahun penjara oleh otoritas Tiongkok.[12]

Lihat pula

Referensi

Umum
Spesifik
  1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Yayasan Nobel. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27. 
  2. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27. 
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27. 
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-07-31. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27. 
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-08-22. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-27. 
  6. ^ "List of All Nobel Laureates 1942". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30. 
  7. ^ a b Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-30. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Nobel Prize Facts". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2015-10-11. 
  9. ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-11. 
  10. ^ "2016 Nobel Prizes - Prize Announcement Dates". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2016. 
  11. ^ Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 Desember 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 3 Januari 2010. Later, there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was "no suitable living candidate", namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine, Count Bernadotte, who was murdered in September 1948. Today, this can be ruled out; Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948. Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year. 
  12. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 10 Oktober 2011. 

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