Wikipedia

Daftar bencana maritim abad ke-20

Revisi sejak 10 September 2023 08.34 oleh Aesthetic Bot (bicara | kontrib) (bot: Kontrol Otoritas, added uncategorised tag)

Bencana maritim adalah sebuah peristiwa yang biasanya melibatkan sebuah kapal laut dan dapat juga melibatkan tindakan militer. Karena sifat perjalanan yang menggunakan laut sebagai media transportasi seringkali terdapat korban jiwa. Istilah bencana maritim dapat merujuk kepada kapal komersil atau kapal perang milik angkatan laut suatu negara. Sebuah bencana maritim dapat menyebabkan satu atau lebih dari hal-hal berikut seperti :

  • Kehilangan nyawa;
  • Polusi lingkungan laut (tumpahan minyak, pembuangan material, belerang yang dikeluarkan dari bahan bakar, dll);
  • Degradasi ekosistem laut;
  • Kerugian ekonomi dalam skala besar;
  • Penghancuran properti di darat (kecelakaan di pelabuhan tidak hanya terbatas pada kapal tetapi juga merusak daratan terdekat)

Ada banyak sekali insiden yang dilaporkan mengenai bencana laut.

RMS Titanic

Tenggelamnya kapal penumpang RMS Titanic pada tahun 1912 menyebabkan korban jiwa lebih dari 1500 orang adalah salah satu kecelakaan kapal terbesar. Dimasa perang, tenggelamnya kapal Wilhelm Gustloff pada bulan Januari 1945 karena terkena serangan kapal selam Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet menyebabkan perkiraan korban jiwa sekitar 9.400 orang tewas tetap menjadi bencana maritim terisolasi paling mematikan yang pernah ada, tidak termasuk peristiwa seperti kehancuran seluruh armada seperti badai tahun 1274 dan 1281 yang dikatakan telah menghancurkan armada Kubilai Khan dalam invasinya ke Jepang. Hilangnya kapal feri Filipina Doña Paz pada tahun 1987, dengan perkiraan 4.386 orang tewas, merupakan kerugian terbesar yang pernah tercatat di masa damai.

Masa damai

Kebanyakan bencana maritim terjadi diluar kancah peperangan. Semua kapal-kapal termasuk kapal perang rentan terhadap masalah akibat kondisi cuaca, kesalahan desain, atau kesalahan manusia. Beberapa bencana di bawah ini terjadi pada masa konflik, meskipun kerugiannya tidak ada kaitannya dengan tindakan militer apa pun. Daftar tabel disusun dalam urutan menurun sehubungan dengan jumlah korban yang diderita.

No Tahun Negara Penjelasan Korban Jiwa Gambar Kapal
1987   Filipina Doña Paz – Late on 20 December, while bound for Manila from Tacloban, the passenger ferry collided with the oil tanker MT Vector in the Tablas Strait near Marinduque. The collision ignited the Vector's cargo and the fire spread to the Doña Paz; both ships burned and sank.[1][2] Though Doña Paz was certified to only carry 1,518 passengers, thousands more were crammed on board and unlisted on its trip manifest.[3] Except for 26 passengers, everyone on the Doña Paz died, including its crew of 58; while on the Vector only 2 of its 13 crew survived.[4] The combined death toll from both ships is estimated at 4,386, making the incident the deadliest peacetime maritime disaster in history.[5][6] 4,386  
1991   Mesir Salem Express – At midnight between 14–15 December, while on a voyage from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to Safaga, Egypt, with at least 644 passengers, the ship struck a reef and sank within 10–20 minutes. The official death toll was 470, though some evidence suggests that the ship was overcrowded and the true death toll may have been far higher, likely over 1,600.[7] 1,600 (estimated)  
1993   Haiti Ferry Neptune – Sank on 16 February.[8][9][10] 1,500 (estimated)
1912   Britania Raya RMS Titanic – A British ocean liner and, at the time, the world's largest ship. On 14 April, on her maiden voyage, she struck an iceberg, buckling part of her hull and causing her to sink in the early hours of 15 April. Exactly 712 of her 2,208 passengers and crew survived.[11] Her loss was the catalyst for major reforms in shipping safety and is arguably the most famous maritime disaster, being the subject of numerous media portrayals.[12] 1,496  
1954   Jepang Toya Maru – A passenger ferry that sank in Typhoon Marie in the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaido and Honshu on 26 September. It is said that 1,153 people aboard were lost but the exact number of fatalities remains unknown because some victims managed to board without tickets and others cancelled their passage just before sailing. 1,153  
1914   Kanada RMS Empress of Ireland – On 29 May the passenger liner sank after colliding with the cargo ship Storstad on the Saint Lawrence River, killing 1,012 people. About 465 survived.[13] 1,012  
1904   Amerika Serikat General Slocum – The paddle steamer caught fire and sank in New York City's East River on 15 June. 1,029 people were killed,[14] making it New York City's highest loss of life until the September 11 attacks.[15] 1,029  
1912   Jepang Kiche Maru – Sank in a typhoon in the Pacific on 22 September. It is estimated that more than 1,000 persons died.[16] 1,000+
1921   Singapore Hong Moh – On 3 March, the ship struck the White Rocks on Lamock Island near Swatow (Shantou) on the southern coast of China. She broke in two and sank killing about 1,000 of the 1,100 people aboard. 1,000
1927   Jepang Wusung – On 16 September, 900 Japanese workers died when the steamship, bound for Kamchatka, sank off the Kuril Islands.[17] 900
1994   Estonia Estonia – the Roll-on/roll-off sank in heavy seas on 28 September. An investigation concluded that the failure of the bow visor door allowed water from the Baltic Sea to enter the ship. 852 people were lost; 137 survived. 852  
1915   Amerika Serikat Eastland – On 24 July, while moored to the dock in the Chicago River, the capacity load of passengers shifted to the river side of the ship causing it to roll over, killing 845 passengers and crew. 845  
1996   Tanzania Bukoba – The overloaded ferry sank on 21 May on Lake Victoria. While the ship's manifest showed 443 aboard, it is estimated that about 800 people died in the sinking. 800
1939   Uni Soviet Indigirka – On 12 December the prisoner transport ship Indigirka ran aground and rolled on its side in shallow water during a blizzard off the Japanese coast near Sarufutsu while trying to enter the La Perouse Strait.[18] While most of the crew and passengers were rescued an additional three days passed before a rescue of the trapped prisoners in the cargo holds could begin. Only 28 of the over 700 prisoners were found alive with one of the 28 rescued later dying. 741
1902   Britania Raya Camorta – The ship was caught in a cyclone and sank in the Irrawaddy Delta on 6 May with the loss of all 655 passengers and 82 crew. She was en route from Madras, India, to Rangoon, Burma, across the Bay of Bengal. 737  
1914   Britania Raya HMS Bulwark – On 26 November, a powerful internal explosion ripped her apart at 7:50 am while she was moored at Number 17 buoy in Kethole Reach, 4 mi (6,4 km) west of Sheerness in the River Medway estuary. All of her officers were lost, and out of her complement of 750, 14 survived; two of these subsequently died of wounds in hospital. 736  
1904   Denmark Norge – On 28 June the ship ran aground on Helen's Reef near Rockall. 635 people were lost; 160 survivors spent up to eight days in open boats before rescue. 635  
1947   India Ramdas – On 17 July the ship capsized 10 mil (16 km) off Mumbai, killing 625 people aboard. The wreck became known only as survivors swam ashore. 625
1955   Uni Soviet Novorossiysk – On 29 October, the battleship was moored in Sevastopol Bay, 300 meter (330 yd) from shore and opposite a hospital. At 01:30 hrs there was an explosion, following which the ship capsized and sank with the loss of 608 men. The official investigation concluded that the explosion had been caused by a German mine left over from the Second World War. 608  
1947   Amerika Serikat Grandcamp – On 16 April, the French-registered Liberty ship caught fire and exploded dockside while being loaded with ammonium nitrate at Texas City, Texas. In what came to be called the Texas City Disaster an estimated 581 people, including all of the ship's crew and 28 firefighters, were lost and about 5,000 injured. 581  
1981   Indonesia Tamponas II – On 27 January the ocean liner, carrying more people than its capacity limit of 1,137, sank in the Java Sea after a fire and explosion. At least 580 were lost and 515 rescued.[19] 580
1920   Prancis SS Afrique – The passenger ship sank on 9 January in the Bay of Biscay in bad weather. She was carrying 602 passengers and crew, of whom only 34 were saved. 568  
1986   Bangladesh Shamia – On 25 May the double deck river ferry, carrying about 1,000 people, capsized in the Meghna River 135 mil (217 km) south of Dhaka in a storm. An estimated 500-600 people were lost.[20] 500–600
1919   Spanyol Valbanera – the steamship sank in the Gulf of Mexico 45 mi (72 km) west of Key West, Florida in a hurricane in September. All of the 488 crew and passengers were lost. 488  
1916   Spanyol Príncipe de Asturias – Sank near the island of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil on 5 March. At least 445 out of 588 aboard were lost. 445  
1975   Tiongkok On 4 August, two passenger ships Hongxing 245 and Hongxing 240, on overnight trips between Guangzhou and Zhaoqing, collided and sank on the Zhujiang River, 432 of the 800 aboard were lost. 432
1986   Uni Soviet Admiral Nakhimov – On 31 August the ship collided with the bulk carrier Pyotr Vasyov in Tsemes Bay, near the port of Novorossiysk, Russian SFSR. 423 of the 1,234 people aboard were lost. 423  
1988   India A reported 400 people were lost when an unnamed passenger ferry struck a sand bar and capsized in the Ganges River.[21] 400
1988   Filipina Doña Marilyn – On the afternoon of 24 October, while sailing from Manila to Tacloban City, the vessel was caught up in Typhoon Unsang and sank leaving 389 dead and 147 survivors. Doña Marilyn was a sister ship of Doña Paz which sank a year earlier in the deadliest ever peace-time maritime disaster.[22] 389
1999   Indonesia KM Bismas Raya 2 – In October the ferry KM Bismas Raya 2 caught fire, capsized and sank while off the coast of Merauke. A reported 361 people were lost.[23] 361
1918   Amerika Serikat Princess Sophia – On 23 October the passenger steamship ran aground on Vanderbilt Reef in Lynn Canal near Juneau, Alaska. Rescue ships were unable to assist due to the continuing storm, and she sank on the night of 25 October. The only survivor found was a pet dog. The sinking of the SS Princess Sophia is to this day the worst maritime accident in the history of British Columbia and Alaska. 343  
1970   Korea Selatan Namyoung-ho – The ferry sank on 15 December. It was carrying 338 people, who were traveling from Busan to Jeju. See Sinking of Namyoung-Ho[24] 326
1927   Italia Principessa Mafalda – On 25 October, the ocean liner sank off the coast of Brazil after her propeller shaft fractured and damaged her hull. She sank slowly in the presence of rescue vessels, but panic among passengers and crew caused the deaths of 314 of the 1,265 aboard. 314  
1999   Tiongkok Dashun – On 24 November the ferry caught fire, broke apart and sank in rough seas off Yantai in eastern China. Of 336 aboard, 22 are known to have survived.[25] 314
1999   Indonesia Harta Rimba – On 7 February the ferry foundered and sank after being struck by a large wave while drifting with engine problems. Of the 332 aboard 19 were rescued two days after the sinking by a passing ship. A distress signal was not sent out and the sinking was unknown until the survivors were found.[26][27] 313
1911   Prancis Liberté – battleship that suffered an accidental ammunition explosion; about 300 people were killed. 300  
1981   Brasil Sobral Santos II The sinking was one of the worst maritime tragedies in the history of the Amazon River. c. 300
1906   Italia Sirio – On 4 August the cargo steamship sank after she ran aground and suffered a boiler explosion on the Punta Hormigas, a reef off Hormigas Island, two and a half miles east of Cape Palos, Cartagena, Spain. 293, including Italian and Spanish emigrants bound for Argentina, of the 645 aboard were lost. Other sources put the death toll at over 500. 293–500  
1993   Korea Selatan Seohae Ferry – was a passenger ship that sank near Wi-do island, Jeolla Province. The ship was carrying 362 passengers (141 more than its capacity) and heavy freight in bad weather. 292
1996   Malta F174 – Severely overloaded and poorly maintained ship carrying migrants from South Asia, sank 19 miles off Portopalo di Capo Passero in Sicily. 283+
1958   Turki Üsküdar – A small passenger ferry sank due to heavy lodos weather in the Gulf of İzmit on 1 March. 272 passengers including seven crew died; 39 people survived. 272
1994   Kenya Likoni Ferry – On 29 April the overloaded passenger ferry Mtongwe One capsized and sank killing 272 of the more than 300 aboard.[28] 272
1928   Chili Angamos – On 6 July she sailed bound for Talcahuano and sank off Punta Morguillas Lebu. Of the 269 aboard 262 were lost and seven rescued. It was the second largest single maritime loss of life in the history of Chile. 262  
1996   Indonesia Gurita – On 19 January the ferry sunk during a strong storm six miles from Sabang. Of those on board, between 260 and 340 were killed and 47 survived.[29] 260-340
1913   Amerika Serikat Great Lakes Storm of 1913 – A cyclonic blizzard (sometimes referred to as an inland hurricane) on the Great Lakes that occurred between 7 and 10 November. In total 12 ships were sunk with a combined crew loss of 255. An additional seven ships were damaged beyond repair; 19 more ships that had been stranded were later salvaged. 255  
1961   Britania Raya Dara – sank in the Persian Gulf on 8 April, as a result of a powerful explosion that killed 238 of the 819 people aboard including 19 officers and 113 crew. The explosion is believed to have been caused by an explosive device placed aboard. 238
1966   Yunani Heraklion – a car ferry that capsized and sank on 8 December in the Aegean Sea in a storm. An unsecured vehicle damaged the loading door resulting in sea water entering the vessel. The sinking resulted in the death of 234 people out of 281 aboard. 234
1970   Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla MV Christena – An overloaded passenger ferry boat that sank crossing the channel between the islands of St. Kitts and Nevis, Leeward Islands. 233
1953   Korea Selatan Changgyeong – The ferry sank on 5 January. It was cruising from Yeosu to Busan.[30] 229
1921   RSFS Rusia Sovnarkom – on 10 May crashed into Novosibirsk railway bridge and sank in the Ob River, resulting in the death of at least 225 (according to other estimates, 400). 225–400  
1906   Brasil Aquidabã – an ironclad warship built in the mid-1880s. On 21 January, the powder magazines of the ship blew up, sinking it within three minutes. 212 people were lost. 212  
1909   Britania Raya Waratah – Around 27 July, the steamship, en route from Australia to London, was lost without trace off Durban on the east coast of South Africa. All 211 aboard were lost. 211  
1908   Jepang Matsushima – On 30 April the cruiser Matsushima, while returning from a training cruise and anchored at Mako in the Pescadores islands off Taiwan, had an accidental explosion occur in her ammunition magazine. Matsushima rolled over onto her starboard side and then sank stern-first. 206 of her 350 crew were lost. 206  
1919   Britania Raya Iolaire – (Scottish Gaelic for "Eagle") was an Admiralty yacht that hit rocks and sank on 1 January just off the Isle of Lewis, while carrying soldiers coming home from World War I. At least 205 of the 280 men aboard were lost. 205  
1988   Bangladesh Haisal – On 27 December the passenger ferry sank after being rammed from behind by a cargo ship on the Dhaleshwari River killing 200.[31] 200
1987   Britania Raya Herald of Free Enterprise – Capsized and sank on 6 March due to taking on water just minutes after leaving the harbour at Zeebrugge in Belgium. The doors to the car decks were left open by the Assistant Bosun, Mark Stanley, causing the ferry to take on water and quickly capsize. Of the 539 aboard, 193 passengers and crew died. 193  
1983   Uni Soviet Aleksandr Suvorov – on 5 June the ship struck a girder of the Ulyanovsk railway bridge. The collision caused 177 deaths yet the ship stayed afloat, was restored and is still in use. 177  
1980   Filipina Don Juan – On 22 April the luxury liner collided with an oil tanker Tacloban off Tablas Strait in Mindoro and sank 15 minutes later at a depth of 1,800 feet.[32][33] The vessel was carrying 1,004 passengers but was only cleared to carry 864 persons including its crew.[34] 176
1952   Amerika Serikat USS Hobson – On the night of 26 April, Hobson was steaming in formation with carrier USS Wasp (CV-18) about 600 miles (1000 kilometers) west of the Azores. The Hobson crossed the carrier's bow and was promptly struck amidships. The force of the collision rolled the destroyer-minesweeper over, breaking her in two. USS Rodman (DD-456) and the Wasp rescued many survivors but the ship and 176 of her crew were lost. 176  
1985   Tiongkok On 19 August an overloaded ferry operated by drunk pilots capsized in the Songhua River, 174 of the 234 aboard were lost.[35][36] 174
1914 Templat:Country data Dominion of Newfoundland Southern Cross – Lost with all 173 hands in a storm between 31 March and 3 April. Believed to be near Cape Pine, Newfoundland. 173  
1955   Jepang Shiun Maru – 11 May. Collided in dense fog her with sister ship Uko Maru in the Seto Inland Sea and sank with the loss of 166 passengers and two crew members. 166
1990   Denmark Scandinavian Star – caught fire en route between Norway and Denmark, killing 159 people. 159  
1981   Brasil Novo Amapá - On January 6, the ferry left Santana, Amapá with 600 passengers. The ship was overcrownded and capsized at Almeirim. The exact number of fatalities remains unknown, but it is estimated between 150 and 300.[37] 150-300
1998   Filipina Princess of the Orient – On 18 September, the ferry, while travelling from Manila to Cebu, sailed into Typhoon Vicky. She capsized at 12:55 pm near Fortune Island in Batangas. Of 388 passengers aboard, an estimated 150 died. Passengers floated in the sea for more than 12 hours before rescuers were able to reach the survivors. 150  
1907   Amerika Serikat Larchmont – On 12 February, the paddle steamer sank off Block Island, Rhode Island after colliding with the schooner Harry Knowlton. About 150 of the people 200 aboard were lost.[38] 150–200  
1912   Britania Raya Koombana – disappeared on 20 March north of Port Hedland, Western Australia, in a tropical cyclone with the loss of about 76 passengers and 74 crew. 150  
1989   Rumania Mogoșoaia – On 10 January the ferry collided with a tug boat on the Danube River near Galați. Of those on board, between 151 and 239 were killed and 16 to 18 survived.[39] 151-239
1950   Uni Soviet Majakovskis Riga – sank in the Daugava River on 13 August, 147 died. 147
1994   Filipina Cebu City – On 2 December, the ferry collided with a Singaporean freighter Kota Suria and sank in Manila Bay killing 140 people. 140
1991   Italia Moby Prince – On 10 April, the ferry collided with the oil tanker Agip Abruzzo in Livorno harbour and caught fire, killing 140 of the 141 people aboard. 140  
1934   Amerika Serikat Morro Castle (1930) – In the early morning hours of 8 September, while en route from Havana to New York, the passenger liner caught fire and burned, killing 137 passengers and crew members out of the 549 aboard. The ship was beached near Asbury Park, New Jersey, and remained there for several months until she was eventually towed away and sold for scrap. 137  
1929   Finlandia Kuru – Passenger steamer sank after capsizing in high winds on 7 September in Lake Näsijärvi near Tampere. An estimated 136–138 people were lost. 136–138  
1901   Amerika Serikat City of Rio de Janeiro – en route from Hong Kong, this passenger ship sank on 21 February after striking a submerged reef at the entry to San Francisco Bay, killing more than 135 passengers and crew. 135  
1953   Britania Raya Princess Victoria – Sank on 31 January in the North Channel (between Scotland and Northern Ireland), in a severe storm killing 133 people. Her sinking had the highest death toll in UK waters since World War II. 133
1957   Jerman Barat Pamir – On 21 September the four-masted barque was caught in Hurricane Carrie and sank off the Azores with six survivors rescued out of 138 aboard. 132  
1913   Kanada Volturno – On 9 October the steamship, carrying mostly immigrants bound for New York, caught fire in a gale in the North Atlantic. 520 people were rescued. About 130 people, most of them women and children in unsuccessfully launched lifeboats, were lost. 130  
1963   Amerika Serikat USS Thresher (SSN-593) – A nuclear-powered attack submarine that sank on deep-diving tests on 10 April about 220 mil laut (410 km) east of Boston, Massachusetts. 129  
1963   Yunani TSMS Lakonia – Caught fire and burned in the Atlantic Ocean on 22 December. 128 people died, of whom 95 were passengers and 33 were crew members. 53 people were killed by the fire. The rest died from exposure, drowning, and injuries sustained while diving overboard. 128
1907   Britania Raya Berlin – On 21 February the steamship was driven onto the granite breakwater at the New Waterway ship canal in the Netherlands by large waves and then broke apart. Of 144 people aboard, 128 were lost. 128  
1905   Britania Raya Hilda – A steamship on a cross-Channel run that sank killing 125 people. 125  
1911   Australia Yongala – The ship sank off Cape Bowling Green, Australia, after steaming into a cyclone. There were no survivors of the 122 aboard. 122  
1973   Malaysia Pulau Kidjang – On 26 December, the passenger ferry sank in the Rejang River near Tanjung Jerijeh, Sarawak, 35 mil laut (65 km) west of Sarikei in the monsoon season. Of 159 people were aboard, 38 were saved including 18 sailors. 41 bodies were found. 121
1907   Prancis Iéna – On 12 March, while in drydock in the Missiessy Basin at Toulon, the battleship suffered a series of internal explosions in her magazine. The first explosion was caused by Powder B, a nitrocellulose-based propellant in the ammunition, which tended to become unstable with age, and self-ignite. The explosion killed 120 people including two civilians hit by fragments in the suburb of Le Pont Du Las. 120  
1908   Malta Sardinia – The passenger-cargo ship burst into flames minutes after leaving the Grand Harbour, and she ran aground off Fort Ricasoli. Only 33 people on board survived, and at least 118 were killed.[40][41] 118+
1949   Kanada Noronic – Caught fire at the dockside in Toronto Harbour on 16 September. Estimates ranged from 118 to 139 fatalities. Most of the deaths were from suffocation or burns. However, some died from being trampled or from leaping off the upper decks onto the pier; only one person drowned. 118–139  
1906   Amerika Serikat Valencia – Shortly before midnight on 22 January, she struck a reef near Pachena Point on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island and sank. Estimates of the number of people killed vary widely. Some sources list it at 117; others claim it was as high as 181. According to the federal report, the official death toll was 136. 37 men survived, but every woman and child aboard was lost. 117–181  
1928   Britania Raya Vestris – On 12 November the ship began listing about 200 mil laut (370 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, was abandoned, and sank killing more than 100 people. 110  
1908   Amerika Serikat Star of Bengal – On 20 September, in the beginning of her return trip from Fort Wrangell to San Francisco, the ship was in tow into the open sea when she encountered a storm. The ship struck the rocks near the shore of Coronation Island and sunk, killing approximately 110 of 138 people aboard. 110  
1940   Italia Orazio – On 21 January the passenger liner caught fire and burned 35 miless off Toulon, France. 48 of the 423 passengers and 60 of the 210 crew died in the fire. 108 Berkas:MS Orazio 1920s.jpg
1946   Uni Soviet Dalstroy – The Soviet steamer operating in the 1930s and 1940s from the port of Nakhodka to Magadan and delivering cargo and prisoners to Kolyma, exploded on July 24, during the loading of ammonal in Nakhodka, due to gross safety violations. The explosion resulted in the death of 105 people, as well as significant property damage and environmental pollution. 105
1954   Amerika Serikat USS Bennington – At 06:11 on 26 May, while cruising off Narragansett Bay, the fluid in one of her catapults leaked out and was detonated by the flames of a jet causing the forward part of the flight deck to explode, setting off a series of secondary explosions which killed 103 crewmen, predominantly among the senior NCO's of the crew and injured 201 others.[1]Bennington proceeded under her own power to Naval Air Station Quonset Point, Rhode Island, to land her injured. This tragedy caused the Navy to switch from hydraulic catapults to steam catapults for launching aircraft. A monument to the sailors who died in this tragic event was erected near the southwest corner of Fort Adams State Park in Newport, Rhode Island. 103  
1939   Britania Raya HMS Thetis – A T-class submarine that sank in Liverpool Bay on 1 June after inadvertent opening of both doors of a torpedo tube to the sea whilst diving. 99 people were lost, including shipyard workers who were aboard for sea trials. Raised and refitted, as HMS Thunderbolt the boat was later sunk by Italian anti-submarine forces in the Mediterranean in March 1943. 99  
1968   Amerika Serikat USS Scorpion (SSN-589) – A nuclear-powered submarine that sank (most likely due to an internal explosion) on 22 May 460 mil laut (850 km) southwest of the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean. 99  
1933   Uni Soviet The Fourth disaster – a boat sank in the Volga near Yaroslavl on 9 July. At least 98 died. 98
1959   Denmark Hans Hedtoft – The liner was sailing from Greenland when she struck an iceberg and sank on 30 January. There were 40 crew members and 55 passengers aboard. No-one survived. She was on her maiden voyage and was said to be "unsinkable" due to her strong design. 95
1911   Prancis SS Emir – On 9 August the steamship was struck and sunk by the British steamship Silverton in dense fog in the Strait of Gibraltar off the coast of Tarifa, Spain. 71 passengers and 24 crew members were lost while 15 passengers and 12 crew members were rescued.[42] 95
1918 Templat:Country data Dominion of Newfoundland Florizel – Sank after striking a reef at Horn Head Point Cape Race near Cappahayden, Newfoundland on 23 February. Of 144 people aboard, 94 were lost. 94  
1989   Thailand Seacrest – the Unocal drilling ship capsized in the Gulf of Thailand on 3 November in Typhoon "Gay". 91 of her crew complement of 97 were lost. 91
1916   Britania Raya Connemara – On 3 November the ferry sank at the entrance to Carlingford Lough, Louth, Ireland after being hit amidships by the coal ship Retriever which also sank. All 82 on board the Connemara were killed, and only one crew member of the Retriever's crew of nine were rescued. 90  
1965   Panama Yarmouth Castle – The steamship's loss in a disastrous fire prompted new laws for safety at sea. 87 people were lost, three of the rescued passengers later died in hospital, bringing the death toll to 90. 90 Berkas:Yarmouth Castle fire.JPG
1907   Amerika Serikat Columbia – A little over 20 minutes past midnight on 21 July, the passenger steamship collided with the steam schooner San Pedro in dense fog sinking in less than 9 minutes, killing 88 people, including all children on board. The sinking of Columbia partially ignited public outrage against American operated Pacific coastal steamships. 88  
1922   Meksiko Topolobampo – In November, the 36-ton steamer left Guaymas carrying 125 passengers bound for the cotton fields of Mexicali. Around midnight at the end of 18 November, the vessel was hit by a nearly 15-foot tidal bore traveling up the Colorado River. 86 people drowned; 21 bodies were recovered. 39 survivors were found.[43][44] 86
1982   Kanada Ocean Ranger – On 15 February a semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit sank on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, 267 kilometer (166 mi) east of St. John's, Newfoundland with the loss of all 84 crew members. 84
1997   Albania Kateri i Radës – On 28 March the ship sank following a collision with the Italian naval vessel Sibilia in the Strait of Otranto. Of the 142 on board, 83 lost their lives. 83
1964   Australia HMAS Voyager – On 10 February, while undergoing post-refit exercises, the destroyer was rammed and sunk off Jervis Bay, New South Wales, by the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne, which was also carrying-out post-refit exercises.[45] 82 of the 314 people aboard Voyager were lost;[45] Australia's largest peacetime loss of military personnel. 82  
1953   Turki TCG Dumlupınar – On 4 April, the submarine sank with all hands after colliding with the Swedish freighter Naboland in the Dardanelles. 81  
1981   Filipina Templat:BRP – a Philippine Navy destroyer escort driven aground by Typhoon Clara on 21 September. 79 of her 97 crew were lost. 79  
1976   Amerika Serikat George Prince – On 20 October, a small automobile ferry crossing the Mississippi River in Louisiana collided with the tanker Frosta, capsized and sank. Of 96 people aboard, 78 were lost. 78  
1929   Amerika Serikat San Juan – On the night of 29 August, the coastal liner, outbound from San Francisco bound for Los Angeles, collided in dense fog with the oil tanker S.C.T. Dodd in the Pacific Ocean north of Monterey. The ageing San Juan was a poorly maintained 47-year-old wrought iron steamship, allowing the Dodd to cut halfway into her stern and destroyed a lifeboat. The San Juan capsized to port and sank stern first in less than three minutes killing 77 people. Most of the survivors were dragged down with the sinking ship only to swim free of the sinking vessel during the final plunge. The San Juan sinking helped lead to the end of coastal passenger steamships.[46] 77  
1978   Singapura Spyros – On 12 October, while undergoing repairs dockside, the Greek tanker exploded at the Jurong Shipyard killing 76. 76
1909   Selandia Baru Penguin – On 12 February, the inter-island ferry hit a rock near the entrance to Wellington Harbour, sinking then exploding when water entered her boiler room. Of the 105 people aboard, 75 died. 75  
1951   Britania Raya HMS Affray – an submarine kelas Amphion that disappeared on 16 April on a training exercise in the English Channel, killing all 75 crew. She is the last Royal Navy submarine to have been lost at sea. 75  
1928   Denmark København – a five-masted barque used as a naval training vessel until she disappeared with 75 aboard after 22 December. Built by the Danish East Asiatic Company in 1921, it was the world's largest sailing ship at the time, and primarily served for sail training of young cadets. 75  
1969   Amerika Serikat USS Frank E. Evans – On 3 June, while operating as a plane guard for the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne in the SEATO training exercise Sea Spirit, the destroyer crossed the bows of the carrier and was rammed and sunk.[47] Of the 273 aboard Evans, 74 died.[47] The handling of the inquiry into the collision was seen as detrimental to United States–Australia relations.[47] 74  
1995   Filipina Viva Antipolo VII – On 16 May the ferry caught fire and sank in the vicinity of Lucena, Quezon. Of the 214 on board, 62 were killed and 10 were missing in the accident.[48] 72
1972   Britania Raya STV Royston Grange – The British cargo liner was destroyed by fire after a collision with the petroleum tanker Tien Chee in the Rio de la Plata on 11 May. There were no survivors from the 72 aboard. 72
1996   Philippines Gretchen I – On 19 February the overloaded ferry capsized and sank off Cadiz with the loss of 71 lives. There were at least 141 survivors.[49] 71
1925   Britania Raya HMS M1 – The submarine sank with all hands (69) on 12 November after being struck by the Swedish ship Vidar while submerged in the English Channel. 69  
1989   Guatemala Justo Rufino Barrios II – On 1 January the ferry sank in Amatique Bay whilst under tow of a Guatemalan Navy vessel, after running out of fuel, with the loss of 67 lives. It was reported that the ship was overloaded with passengers at the time of the accident.[50][51] 67
1901   Britania Raya HMS Cobra – the destroyer's short career ended when she broke her back and sank near Cromer on 18 September. 67 men were lost; 12 saved. 67  
1950   Britania Raya HMS Truculent – The T-class submarine sank in the Thames Estuary on 12 January after colliding with the Swedish oil tanker Divina. A total of 64 people died, most in freezing cold mid-winter conditions after escaping the collision. 64  
1921   Britania Raya HMS K5 – A K-class submarine, lost with all hands (57) on 20 January when she sank en route to a mock battle in the Bay of Biscay. 57  
1921   Amerika Serikat USS Conestoga – The ship was missing and lost with all hands after it left 25 March from Mare Island, California, heading for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The wreck was located in 2009 in the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. 56  
1903   Kanada Clallam – The ferry sank on 9 January in a storm in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, between British Columbia and Washington, killing 56 people. 56
1999   Philippines Asia South Korea – On 22 December the ferry was off Bantayan Island in stormy weather. According to one crew member a large wave swamped the ferry, knocking out the power. Life vests were then distributed and rafts were launched immediately.[52] Other reports state that the ship was off course and struck a reef before sinking. 56
1925   Amerika Serikat Mackinac – late in the afternoon of 18 August, the 162 kaki (49 m) excursion ship was passing the Newport Naval Station, Rhode Island, when her boiler exploded, killing 55 passengers. She was on a day cruise from Pawtucket, Rhode Island, to Newport Harbor for passengers to visit the city and its beaches. Most injuries and deaths were from burns and smoke or steam inhalation. Some people jumped overboard but none drowned. The ship remained afloat and many boats came to the rescue. More than 600 passengers survived, many uninjured. The ship's Captain was George W. McVey, who had also been captain of Larchmont in 1907 when she sank after a collision less than 20 mil laut (37 km) away.[53] 55
1988   Brasil Bateau Mouche IV - During the 1988 New Year's Eve, the former fishing ship, adapted for tourism, was at Guanabara Bay waiting for the New Year's fireworks of Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, when it was constantly hit by strong waves. The movements of passengers and loads forced the ship to capsize, 55 of the 142 passengers lost their lives in the sinking, including the actress Yara Amaral and her mother.[54] 55
1993   Polandia Jan Heweliusz – a Polish Roll-on/roll-off ferry in the early hours of 14 January, while sailing from Swinoujscie to Ystad, capsized and sank in 27 meter (89 ft) of water off Cape Arcona on the coast of Rügen in the Baltic Sea. 55 people aboard were lost; 20 crew and 35 passengers, 9 crew were rescued; 10 bodies were never found. 55  
1932   Prancis Georges Philippar was an ocean liner of the French Messageries Maritimes line that was built in 1930. On her maiden voyage she caught fire and sank in the Gulf of Aden with the loss of 54 lives. 54  
1968   Selandia Baru TEV Wahine – an inter island ferry that foundered in a cyclone on Barrett Reef at the mouth of Wellington Harbour and capsized near Steeple Rock. Of the 610 passengers and 123 crew aboard, 53 were lost. 53  
1929   Amerika Serikat Milwaukee – On 22 October the train ferry, while carrying 27 railroad cars, sank off Milwaukee in Lake Michigan in a storm. There were no survivors from the 52 men aboard. 52  
1989   United Kingdom Marchioness – On 20 August the pleasure boat sank after being pushed under by the dredger Bowbelle late at night near Cannon Street Railway Bridge on the Thames River. Of the 131 on board, 51 were killed in the accident. 51
1957   Pakistan Minocher Cowasjee – The cargo ship reported in distress in position 25°18′S 68°00′E / 25.3°S 68.00°E / -25.3; 68.00, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, coming from Tianjin[55] heading to Antwerp.[56] All 51 crew members, mostly Pakistanis and at least one German, were killed.[57] 51
1921   Britania Raya Canastota – On 13 June, the cargo steamer left Sydney, Australia, bound for Wellington, New Zealand, and was never heard from again. Cargo from the ship - some of which was charred, suggesting a fire at sea - was washed up on Lord Howe Island. Otherwise, the ship and her crew of 49 men disappeared without trace. 49  
1989   Amerika Serikat USS Iowa – On 19 April , an open breech explosion occurred in the center gun of turret Number Two aboard Iowa, killing all 47 men in the turret. 47  
1935   Amerika Serikat Mohawk – On 24 January, eight miles off the coast of New Jersey, the passenger liner suffered a failure of her automatic steering gear, veered off course into the path of Norwegian freighter Talisman, and was rammed on the port side. She sank within one hour. 16 out of 53 passengers and 31 of her crew of 110 were killed, including the captain. 47
1956   Italia Andrea Doria – On 25 July, approaching the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, bound for New York City, the passenger liner was struck by the eastward-bound Stockholm. 1,660 passengers and crew were rescued and survived, while 46 people died as a consequence of the collision. In what became one of history's most noted maritime disasters, Andrea Doria's loss generated great interest in the media and led to many lawsuits. 46  
1906   Amerika Serikat Dix – On 18 November the ferry sank off Alki Point, Seattle after a collision, killing more than 45 people. 45
1974   Uni Soviet Soviet cargo ship "Tixi" sunk with all of its crew during a storm in the Devils' Sea on March 22 en route from Japan to Australia. 45
1902   Selandia Baru Elingamite – The ship, carrying a large consignment of gold, was wrecked off the north coast of New Zealand killing 45 people. The wreck is now favoured by adventurous divers for the drama associated with it, and tales of lost treasure. 45  
1980   Britania Raya Derbyshire – Lost on 9 September, south of Japan, in Typhoon Orchid. All aboard (42 crew and 2 spouses) died. At 91,655 gross tons she was, and remains, the largest UK ship to have ever been lost at sea. 44
1989   Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet K-278 Komsomolets – On 7 April the Mike-class nuclear submarine sank in the Barents Sea with the loss of 42 of her 67 crew following an onboard fire. 42  
1971   Yunani Heleanna – On 28 August, the ferry caught fire off Torre Canne (Italy), resulting in 25 dead and 16 missing out of 1174 people aboard.[58] 41
1914   Amerika Serikat Monroe – On 30 January, while traveling from Norfolk to New York City, the passenger ship was struck by the freighter Nantucket in fog 50 mil (80 km) off the Virginia Capes, causing it to capsize and sink, killing 41 people aboard. 41  
1901   Kanada Islander – On 15 August, while sailing down the narrow Lynn Canal south of Juneau, the ship struck what was reported to be an iceberg that stove a large hole in her forward port quarter. She sank quickly, killing 40 of the 172 people aboard. 40  
1911   Amerika Serikat Sechelt – The ferry sank on 24 March in Strait of Juan de Fuca under mysterious circumstances, killing 37 people. 37  
1941   Amerika Serikat Don – The ship was a pleasure craft that was lost in Casco Bay, Maine on 29 June in an apparent explosion near Ragged Island. Everyone on board was killed. The vessel was reportedly overloaded with passengers and carrying extra cans of gasoline on deck at the time of the loss.[59][60] 36
1958   Amerika Serikat Carl D. Bradley – Sank on Lake Michigan in an 18 November storm with the loss of 33 crew. 33  
1963   Britania Raya Tritonica – On 20 July the Bermuda-registered ore carrier was on the St Lawrence River en route from Havre-Saint-Pierre to Sorel, Québec with about 18,300 tons of ilmenite when she collided in dense fog with the British cargo ship Roonagh Head shortly before 03:00 hrs off Petite-Rivière-Saint-François. She sank within eight minutes with all hatches open. Her sinking was so sudden that all navigation crew were trapped in the wheelhouse. 18 bodies were recovered; another 15 remained missing. Her Canadian pilot was also missing. In the fog and night a third ship, the Spanish Conde de Fontamar, struck Tritonica's superstructure. She saved seven survivors. 33
1940   Amerika Serikat William B. Davock – On 11 November the cargo ship was caught in a fierce storm on Lake Michigan. She was making her way down the lake with coal for Chicago, and is presumed to have been overwhelmed at the height of the storm by the intense wind and waves, sinking in about 200 kaki (61 m) of water 5 mil (8 km) off Little Sable Point between Ludington, Michigan and Pentwater, Michigan. The freighter Anna C. Minch sank nearby in the same storm. 32–33
1998   Britania Raya Fantome – The 679-ton windjammer was lost in October in Hurricane Mitch. All 31 crew were lost. 31  
1992   Siprus Royal Pacific – She was rammed by the Taiwanese fishing vessel Terfu 51 in the Straits of Malacca, and sank, sending thirty people to their deaths.[61] The deaths are most likely attributed to the crew's choice to abandon ship first. 30
1975   Amerika Serikat SS Edmund Fitzgerald – A taconite Great Lakes freighter that sank in a Lake Superior storm on 10 November, with the loss of the entire crew of 29. When launched on 7 June 1958, she was the largest ship on North America's Great Lakes, and she remains the largest to have sunk there. 29  
1978   Jerman Barat The MS München was a LASH carrier of the Hapag-Lloyd line that sank with all hands for unknown reasons in a severe storm on 13 December. The most accepted theory is that one or more rogue waves hit München and damaged her, so that she drifted for 33 hours with a list of 50 degrees without electricity or propulsion. 28
1981   Israel The Mezada was lost on 3 March; The cargo ship sank in rough seas approximately 100 nautical miles (190 km) southeast of Bermuda. Eleven of 35 crew rescued. 24    
1948   Malta Unnamed luzzu – The fishing boat which was overloaded with passengers capsized and sank in the Gozo Channel off Qala, Gozo, Malta, killing 23 of the 27 people on board.[62] 23
1931   Estonia Liro – the steamship underway from UK to Estonia went missing in a heavy storm on the Baltic Sea. All crew and passengers died.[63] 20

In 1972, the British liner SS Queen Elizabeth caught fire and sank, just a short distance from Kowloon.[64]

Wartime

Disasters with high losses of life can occur in times of armed conflict. Shown below are some of the known events with major losses.

Russo-Japanese War

Year Country Description Deaths Use Image
1905   Kekaisaran Rusia Battle of Tsushima – the decisive naval battle of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, in which two-thirds of the Russian fleet was destroyed. 4,380 Russians were killed and 5,917 captured, including two admirals; 1,862 were interned. The battleships Knyaz Suvorov, Imperator Aleksandr III, Borodino and Oslyabya were sunk. 4,380  
1904   Jepang Hitachi Maru – A Japanese transport ship that was shelled and sunk by the Imperial Russian Navy armored cruiser Gromoboi in the southern Korean Strait between the Japanese mainland and Tsushima in the "Hitachi Maru Incident". 1,086  
1904   Kekaisaran Rusia Petropavlovsk – the Russian battleship was sunk on 31 March after striking two mines near the Port Arthur naval base. A total of 18 officers, including an Imperial vice admiral and 620 men were lost. 620  
1904   Jepang Hatsuse – A Japanese battleship that hit two mines on 15 May and sunk with the loss of 496 crew in a Russian minefield off Port Arthur. 496  
1904   Jepang Yoshino – On 14 May, the cruiser sank killing 319 people after a collision. 19 survived. 319  
1904   Jepang Takasago – a 2nd class protected cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy that struck a mine and sank off Port Arthur on 13 December, with the loss of 273 officers and crew. 273  
1904   Jepang Yashima – A Japanese battleship that hit a mine on 15 May and sunk under tow with nearly 200 of her crew. 200  

World War I

Spanish Civil War

Year Country Description Deaths Use Image
1939   Spanyol Castillo de Olite – On 7 March, near Cartagena Harbor while approaching the docks, she was hit by three 381mm rounds from a coastal battery and sank shortly afterwards broken in two. Of the 2,112 men on board, 1,476 died, 342 were wounded and 294 were taken prisoner after being rescued by local fishermen and the lighthouse keeper. 1,476 Naval
1938   Spanyol Baleares – sunk by the Lepanto on 6 March. 765 seamen died. 765 Naval  
1936   Spanyol Almirante Ferrándiz – sunk by Canarias on 29 September; 130 killed. 130 Naval  
1936   Spanyol Submarine C-5 – disappeared on 31 December near Bilbao; 40 disappeared. 40 Naval
1936   Spanyol Submarine C-3 – sunk by German submarine U-34 (1936) on 12 December; 38 killed. 38 Naval  
1936   Spanyol Submarine B-5 – disappeared on 15 April near Malaga; 34 disappeared. 34 Naval
1937   Jerman Deutschland, misidentified as the Canarias – hit by bombs from Republican aircraft in the Deutschland incident; 31 killed. Not sunk. 31 Naval  

World War II

There are at least eight maritime disasters during WWII, each of which has a greater death toll than any other maritime disaster.

Second Chinese Civil War

Year Country Description Deaths Use Image
1948   China Kiangya – On December 4, 1948, the passenger steamship, packed beyond its capacity limit of 1,186 with refugees fleeing the People's Liberation Army, blew up and sank in the mouth of the Huangpu River 50 mi (80 km) south of Shanghai. The suspected cause of the explosion was a mine left behind by the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II. The exact death toll is unknown, however, it is thought that between 2,750 and 3,920 died with 700–1,000 survivors being picked up by other vessels.[65] 2,750–3,920 Naval  
1949   China Taiping – On 27 January the steamer sank after a collision with another vessel en route to Taiwan leading to the deaths of over 1,500 passengers and crew combined. The ship was packed to nearly twice her rated capacity with over 1,000 refugees fleeing Communism after the Chinese Civil War traveling from Shanghai to Keelung.[66] 1,500+ Naval  

Six-Day War

Year Country Description Deaths Use Image
1967   United States Navy USS Liberty – On 8 June, the technical research ship was attacked by Israeli Air Force fighter jets and Israeli Navy motor torpedo boats while in international waters in the Mediterranean. Israel apologized for the attack, saying that the USS Liberty had been attacked in error after being mistaken for an Egyptian ship. The combined air and sea attack killed 34 crew members, wounded 171 crew members and severely damaged the ship which was subsequently scrapped. 34 Naval  

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Year Country Description Deaths Use Image
1971   Angkatan Laut Pakistan PNS Ghazi – On 3 December the submarine was destroyed by Indian Navy, killing 92 Pakistan navy personnel. 92 Naval  
1971   Angkatan Laut Pakistan PNS Muhafiz, PNS Khaibar, PNS Shah Jahan – On 4 and 5 December, Pakistani minesweeper PNS Muhafiz, destroyer PNS Khaibar, transport MV Venus Challenger and destroyer PNS Shah Jahan were destroyed by three Indian Vidyut class missile boats, INS Nipat (K86), INS Nirghat (K89) and INS Veer (K82) escorted by two anti-submarine Arnala class corvettes, INS Kiltan (P79) and INS Katchall (P81) in Operation Trident killing more than 300 Pakistani sailors. 300+ Naval
1971   Angkatan Laut India INS Khukri – On 9 December the Indian frigate was torpedoed and sunk by the Pakistani submarine PNS Hangor (S131), killing 194 people. This was the first sinking by a submarine since World War II. 194 Naval

Falklands War

Year Country Description Deaths Use Image
1982   Argentina ARA General Belgrano – On 2 May the Argentinian light cruiser was torpedoed and sunk by British submarine HMS Conqueror, killing 323 people. This was the first time a warship had been sunk by a nuclear-powered submarine. 323 Naval  
1982   Britania Raya HMS Sheffield - Struck and heavily damaged by an Exocet air-launched anti-ship missile from an Argentine Super Étendard aircraft on 4 May and foundered while under tow on 10 May. 20 Naval
1982   Britania Raya HMS Coventry - Sunk by Argentine Air Force A-4 Skyhawks on 25 May. 19 Naval
1982   Britania Raya RFA Sir Galahad - Struck by Argentine A-4 Skyhawks on 8 June. On 21 June, the hulk was towed out to sea by the tug Typhoon and sunk by HMS Onyx using torpedoes. 48 Naval

Iran-Iraq War

Year Country Description Deaths Use Image
1987   United States Navy USS Stark – On 17 May, the frigate was struck by two Exocet missiles from an Iraqi Air Force fighter jet while on patrol in the Persian Gulf during the Tanker War but managed to return to port in Bahrain. Iraq initially claimed that the ship had entered its waters but subsequently apologized[67] for the incident saying that the ship was mistaken for an Iranian oil tanker. Due to geopolitical interests at the time, the then administration of President Ronald Reagan chose to hold Iran responsible. 37 Naval Berkas:USS Stark.jpgborder
  1. ^ "Asia's Titanic - Thousands Died Thirty Years Ago". The Maritime Executive (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-06. 
  2. ^ Mariano, Kristin (2017-11-29). "Remembering Doña Paz, The Deadliest Shipwreck in History Worse Than The Titanic". Elite Readers (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-06. 
  3. ^ De Guzman, Nicai (20 December 2018). "Hell at Sea: Remembering the Tragedy of the MV Doña Paz". Esquiremag.ph. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-06. 
  4. ^ Det Norske Veritas Report No. 97-2053, Annex 1: Passenger Vessel Evacuation Descriptions, sec. I.4.1, p. I.36, FSA of HLA on PassengerVessels, C8065\annex 1.doc 1 November, 2001. http://research.dnv.com/skj/Fsahla/Annex1.pdf
  5. ^ "Ferry collides with oil tanker near Manila - HISTORY". 2019-04-01. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-06. 
  6. ^ "7 of the World's Deadliest Shipwrecks". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-08-06. 
  7. ^ "Wreck Diving In Egypt ; Safaga & Marsa Alam". 
  8. ^ "Timeline Haiti". Timelines of History. Diakses tanggal 30 June 2013. 
  9. ^ "Red Cross lowers estimate of Haitian ferry victims". World News. CNN. 9 September 1997. Diakses tanggal 30 June 2013. 
  10. ^ "Haiti ferry disaster may have claimed 400 lives". The Independent. London. 9 September 1997. Diakses tanggal 30 June 2013. 
  11. ^ Encyclopedia Titanica
  12. ^ "28- Time for Reflection and Reform – after the Wreck of the Titanic". Diakses tanggal 6 July 2009. 
  13. ^ Murphy, Gavin (20 June 2001). "Swallowed in 14 Minutes". Encyclopedia Titanica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 September 2011. Diakses tanggal 30 June 2013. 
  14. ^ National Geographic
  15. ^ Kleinfeld, N.R. (2 September 2007). "A Debate Rises: How Much 9/11 Tribute Is Enough?". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2 September 2007. 
  16. ^ Hendrickson, Robert (1992). The Ocean Almanac. London: Hutchinson Reference. hlm. 278. ISBN 978-0-09-177355-7. Diakses tanggal 30 June 2013. 
  17. ^ "Reports 900 Drowned in a Japanese Wreck". The New York Times. 17 September 1927. Diakses tanggal 30 June 2013. 
  18. ^ anonymous (14 December 1939). "700 Believed Dead on Russian Vessel". The New York Times. 
  19. ^ Marshall Ingwerson (28 January 1981). "Sinking of Indonesian ocean liner puts new focus on ship safety reforms". The Christian Science Monitor. Diakses tanggal 25 September 2013. 
  20. ^ "BANGLADESH SHIP, 1,000 ABOARD, SINKS". The New York Times. Associated Press. 27 May 1986. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2013. 
  21. ^ "At Least 10 Reportedly Die in New Capsizing on Ganges". The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 August 1988. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2013. 
  22. ^ MST news (19 August 2013). "Killer on the loose". Manila Standard Today. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013. 
  23. ^ Cribb, R.B.; Ford, Michele (2009). Indonesia Beyond the Water's Edge: Managing an Archipelagic State. ISEAS Publishing. hlm. 148. ISBN 978-981-230-985-3. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2013. 
  24. ^ 남영호 사고 326명 사망 '최악'… 서해 페리호 292명 숨져 [Namyoungho accident killed 326 people 'worst' ... Seohae ferry 292 people died] (dalam bahasa Korean). dongA.com. 2014-04-17. 
  25. ^ "China shipwreck toll may touch over 300". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 27 November 1999. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2013. 
  26. ^ "World: Asia-Pacific Hundreds missing in ferry disaster". BBC News. 10 February 1999. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2013. 
  27. ^ "Timelines of History Ship". Timelines. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2013. 
  28. ^ Claire Wanja (3 May 2010). "16 years later, Kenya remembers". Radio Netherlands Worldwide – Africa. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2013. 
  29. ^ "Ferry sinks off Indonesian coast - Jan 21, 1996 - HISTORY.com". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 March 2016. Diakses tanggal 7 June 2015. 
  30. ^ 창경호, 다대포서 침몰… 229명 사망 [Changgyeong sank at Dadaepo... 229 died] (dalam bahasa Korean). Kyeonggi.com. 2012-01-09. 
  31. ^ "Shipping disasters timeline". BBC News. 31 March 2006. Diakses tanggal 25 September 2013. 
  32. ^ "G.R. No. 110398 - Negros Navigation vs The Court of Appeals, Ramon Miranda, SPS. Ricardo, and Virginia dela Victoria". Supreme Court of the Philippines. 7 November 1997. Diakses tanggal 19 August 2013. 
  33. ^ Atty. Salvilla, Rex S. (3 April 2006). "The Sinking of MV Don Juan (1)". The News of Today. Diakses tanggal 19 August 2013. 
  34. ^ "G.R. No. 88052 - The Macenas' and Javier vs The Court of Appeals, Capt. Sebastian, and Negros Navigation". Arellano Law Foundation. 14 December 1989. Diakses tanggal 19 August 2013. 
  35. ^ "Rescue workers recovered 110 bodies from the Songhua River..." UPI. United Press International. Diakses tanggal 17 November 2022. 
  36. ^ "Drunk skippers tip ferry, killing 174". UPI. United Press International. Diakses tanggal 17 November 2022. 
  37. ^ "Novo Amapá: naufrágio que vitimou centenas de pessoas na Amazônia completa 42 anos". G1 (dalam bahasa Portugis). 6 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-01-30. 
  38. ^ "Block Island, Rhode Island Larchmont Disaster February 1907". The Washington Post. 14 February 1907. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 December 2008. Diakses tanggal 8 December 2008. 
  39. ^ "Romania to investigate collision on Danube". 
  40. ^ "Gulf of Corcovado". Tyne Built Ships. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 July 2019. 
  41. ^ "The Tragic end of the 'Maltese Titanic'". The Malta Independent. 7 October 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 January 2020. 
  42. ^ "Steamer Sinks With 95 Aboard". The Press Democrat. 10 August 1911. Diakses tanggal 10 June 2017. 
  43. ^ Waters, Frank (1946). The Colorado (edisi ke-First printing). hlm. 106–107. 
  44. ^ Mose and Estelle Daniels (May 1954). "Tidal Bore". Arizona Highways: 28. 
  45. ^ a b Frame, Tom (2005). The Cruel Legacy: the HMAS Voyager tragedy. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. hlm. 1–15. ISBN 1-74115-254-2. OCLC 61213421. 
  46. ^ Belyk, Robert C. (2001). Great Shipwrecks of the Pacific Coast. New York City: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-38420-8. Chapter; San Juan: End of An Era
  47. ^ a b c Frame, Tom (1992). Pacific Partners: a history of Australian–American naval relations. Rydalmere, NSW: Hodder & Stoughton. hlm. 126–8. ISBN 0-340-56685-X. OCLC 27433673. 
  48. ^ "Major marine mishaps in the Philippines". GMA News Online. 23 June 2008. Diakses tanggal 5 July 2015. 
  49. ^ "Ferry captain held after 54 drowned". The Times (65507). London. 20 February 1996. col D-E, p. 11. 
  50. ^ Mac Margolis (3 January 1989). "Rio ship operators charged as toll from sinking rises". The Times (63281). London. col C-E, p. 5. 
  51. ^ "67 DIE WHEN FERRY SINKS IN CARIBBEAN". The New York Times. 3 January 1989. Diakses tanggal 6 May 2012. 
  52. ^ "Hundreds rescued as ferry sinks". BBC News. London: BBC. 23 December 1999. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2012. 
  53. ^ "GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods - Events That Touched Our Ancestors' Lives". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2015. 
  54. ^ "Naufrágio do Bateau Mouche". memoriaglobo (dalam bahasa Portugis). 29 October 2021. Diakses tanggal 2023-01-30. 
  55. ^ "EAST & WEST STEAMSHIP CO". 8 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 10 August 2017. 
  56. ^ "SS Minocher Cowasjee (+1957)". Diakses tanggal 10 May 2017. 
  57. ^ "Kalenderblatt 2017: 24. Januar)". Diakses tanggal 10 August 2017. 
  58. ^ "La storia della nave greca Heleanna". Diakses tanggal 19 April 2015. 
  59. ^ "RECOVER FIVE BODIES FROM MISSING BOAT OFF COAST OF MAINE". Associated Press. 1 July 1941. Diakses tanggal 1 January 2017. 
  60. ^ "37 DROWNED OFF YACHT". Associated Press. 2 July 1941. Diakses tanggal 1 January 2017. 
  61. ^ Plowman, Peter (2004). Ferry to Tasmania: A Short History. Chiwick Publications.
  62. ^ Attard, Eddie (28 October 2012). "The 1948 Ħondoq ir-Rummien tragedy". Times of Malta. Diakses tanggal 25 January 2020. 
  63. ^ Eesti Ekspress
  64. ^ "Fire breaks out on former RMS Queen Elizabeth". 
  65. ^ "This Day in History: China's Deadliest Maritime Disaster". 
  66. ^ Iok-sin, Loa (28 January 2008). "Taiping sinking recalled". Taipei Times. Diakses tanggal 20 May 2012. 
  67. ^ Brummer, Alex; Hirst, David (19 May 1987). "US navy ordered to hit back after Exocet kills 28". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 19 September 2016. 
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Daftar_bencana_maritim_abad_ke-20&oldid=24170414"