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Uji coba Halaman Heracleum mantegazzianum sunting

Heracleum mantegazzianum
 
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Plantae
(tanpa takson):
Tracheophyta
(tanpa takson):
Angiosperma
(tanpa takson):
Eudikotil
Ordo:
Apiales
Famili:
Apiaceae
Genus:
Heracleum
Spesies:
H. mantegazzianum
Nama binomial
Heracleum mantegazzianum

Heracleum mantegazzianum, atau disebut dengan hogweed raksasa,[1][2][3][4] merupakan tanaman herba abadi monokarpik di famili Apiaceae. H. mantegazzianum juga disebut bunga roda,[2][3][4] peterseli sapi raksasa,[5] lobak sapi raksasa,[6] atau hogsbane. Di Selandia Baru, terkadang dipanggil lobak liar (tidak membingungkan Pastinaca sativa) atau rhubarb liar.[3]

Hogweed raksasa adalah tanaman asli dari daerah Kaukasus di Eurasia. Ini telah di introduksi Britania sebagai tanaman ornamental di Abad ke-19, Dan tersebar ke daerah Eropa Barat, Amerika Serikat dan Kanada.[1] Dari relativitas dekat, hogweed Sosnowsky and hogweed Persia, mempunyai penyebaran serupa dari beberapa bagian dari Eropa.

Getah dari hogweed raksasa adalah fototoksik dan menyebabkan fitofotodermatitis di manusia, menyebabkan lepuh dan luka. Reaksi serius ini disebabkan furanokumarin turunan dari daun, akar, batang, bunga, dan biji tanaman ini. Akibatnya, dijadikan tanaman liar beracun di berbagai yuridiksi.[1]

Etimologi sunting

Nama spesies mantegazzianum berasal dari Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910), Penjelajah Italia dan antropolog.[7]

Deskripsi sunting

 
Tangkai hijau dengan bintik-bintik merah dan rambut putih

Hogweed raksasa biasanya tumbuh setinggi 2 hingga 5 m (6 ft 7 in hingga 16 ft 5 in).[1] Di bawah kondisi ideal, Sebuah tanaman bisa mencapai tinggi 55 m (180 ft 5 in).[8][9] Daunnya tertakuk dan berlubang dalam. Sebuah tanaman dewasa mempunyai daun besar, dengan lebar 1–15 m (3 ft 3 in – 49 ft 3 in)[10] dan sebuah bayak, tangkai berwarna hijau dengan bercak ungu kemerahan tua yang luas dan bulu putih kasar yang menonjol, terutama di pangkal tangkai daun. Batang berongga dan bergerigi berdiameter 3–8 cm (1,2–3,1 in), terkadang mencapai diameter 10 cm (3,9 in), dan dapat tumbuh setinggi lebih dari 4 m (13 ft), dan bisa tumbuh lebih dari tinggi . Bintik merah tua di tangkai dan setiapnya dipenuhi rambut tunggal.[11] Perbungaan payung, disebut gabungan umbel, kemungkinan 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) dengan diameter di bagian atasnya yang rata. Bunga berwarna putih atau putih kehijauan dan mungkin secara radial simetrikal atau sangat simetri bilateral (zigomorfik).[9] Buahnya skizokarp, memproduksi biji dalam keadaan kering, teratakan, pasangan oval.[9]:825 Setiap biji berpanjang 1 cm (1⁄2 in), dengan dasar yang membulat lebar dan punggung tepi yang lebar, berwarna cokelat dengan garis-garis cokelat (disebut tabung minyak) memanjang ¾ dari panjang biji.

Siklus Hidup sunting

Siklus hidup tanaman ini terbagi menjadi empat:[12]

  1. Tanaman pra-berbunga: Di tahun pertama, daun tumbuh dari biji. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, daun-daun bertunas dari akar dan biji yang melewati musim dingin. Fase pra-berbunga berlanjut selama beberapa tahun.
  2. Tanaman berbunga (tengah musim panas): Setelah berkembang biak beberapa tahun, tanaman telah berbunga.
  3. Berbiji (Akhir musim panas/Awal gugur): Tanaman berbunga menghasilkan 20.000 atau lebih biji.
  4. Tangkai mati (Akhir gugur/musim dingin): Setelah menghasilkan biji, tanaman ini mati, meninggalkan tangkai kering dan kepala biji berdiri.

Saat berapa tahun pertama berkembang, the leaves and stem of a pre-flowering plant die over the winter. In the spring, the plant grows back from its root. In other words, the giant hogweed is a herbaceous perennial.

Hogweed raksasa biasa menghasilkan tangkai berbunga dalam waktu 3–5 tahun,[1][13] tetapi beberapa tanaman bisa saja sampai 8 tahun untuk bunga jika kondisi tidak memadai. Di Ceko, Salah satu tanaman bisa sampai 12 tahun sebelum berbunga.[14] Dalam berbagai kasus, ketika tanaman berbunga, hal ini terjadi antara Juni dan Juli (di belahan bumi utara).

Seeds are typically produced in August. A single flowering plant will produce 20,000 seeds on average[15][13] with seed production varying between 10,000 and 50,000 seeds per plant.[14]

Giant hogweed is a monocarpic perennial,[13][8][9] that is, after a mature plant flowers and produces seed, the entire plant dies. During the following winter, tall dead stems mark the locations where the flowering plants once stood.

The seeds are dispersed short distances by wind, but can travel longer distances by water, animals, and people. Most seeds (95%) are found in the top 5 cm (2 in) of the soil within a few meters of the parent plant. Seeds may stay alive in the seed bank for more than five years.[14][15]

A seed deposited in the seed bank is initially dormant. Dormancy is broken by the cold and wet conditions of fall and winter, and so freshly deposited seeds lie dormant until at least the following spring, at which time approximately 90% of the previously dormant seeds will germinate.[13][8] The rest remain dormant in the seed bank.

Seeds normally result from cross-pollination between two or more plants but self-pollination is also possible. More than half the seeds produced by self-pollination will germinate and give rise to healthy seedlings.[13] Hence a single isolated seed may give rise to a colony of new plants.

Spesies serupa sunting

The various species of the genus Heracleum are similar in appearance, but vary in size.[8] H. mantegazzianum is among the tallest, typically reaching 4 m (13 ft) high (atau terkadang lebih dari 5 m (16 ft)), whereas Heracleum species native to Western Europe, such as ordinary Hogweed (H sphondlylium), or North America, such as the cow parsnip (H. maximum), rarely exceed 3 m (10 ft) high.[8][10][13] There are considerable differences in the size of the umbel, leaves, and stem of H. mantegazzianum as well.

The following table compares Heracleum mantegazzianum and Heracleum maximum feature by feature:

H. mantegazzianum H. maximum
Tinggi Biasanya tinggi 3 hingga 45 m (9 ft 10 in hingga 147 ft 8 in) Sampai tinggi 25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Daun Daun majemuk berlubang, biasanya memiliki lebar 100 cm (3 kaki 3 inci), hingga lebar 150 sentimeter (4,9 ft); daun dewasa memiliki sayatan yang dalam dan tepi bergerigi Majemuk, daun berlubang berlebar 60 cm (2 ft 0 in); daun dewasa tidak terlalu tertakuk dan tepi tidak terlalu bergerigi
Tangkai Tangkai hijau 3–8 cm (1–3 in) dari diameter, occasionally up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, with dark reddish-purple splotches and coarse white hairs at the base of the leaf stalk Green ridged stems up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter with fine white hairs (no purple splotches)
Bunga White umbel is typically 80 cm (2 ft 7 in) in diameter, up to 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, with 50–150 flower rays per umbel; flowers bloom mid-June to mid-July White umbel up to 30 cm (1 ft) in diameter with 15–30 flower rays per umbel; flowers bloom late May to late June
Buah Buah berbentuk oval
 
Merikarp dari hogweed raksasa (H. mantegazzianum)
 Heart-shaped fruits
 
Merikarp dari lobak sapi umum (H. maximum)

Spesies tanaman lain dari famili Apiaceae mempunyai fitur dimana serupa dari hogweed raksasa (H. mantegazzianum). Contoh:

Many more species exist; in Europe, over 20 spesies are found of the genus Heracleum alone.[13]

Tidak ada spesies yang mencapai ukuran serupa, tetapi banyak mempunyai fototoksin.

Some other species, such as the abovementioned Heracleum sosnowskyi and Heracleum persicum, do reach similar sizes, and are equally noxious as a result.

Latar belakang dalam sejarah sunting

Heracleum mantegazzianum is native to the western Caucasus region of Eurasia.[1] Because of its impressive size, giant hogweed was brought to Europe and North America as an ornamental plant and garden curiosity.

The following historical information[13][16][17][14] grew out of the European Giant Alien Project, which began in 2005.

Migrasi di Eropa sunting

Heracleum mantegazzianum was first described in scientific literature in 1895 but by that time more than a dozen European countries had already imported the plant as an "ornamental curiosity". The introduction of Heracleum mantegazzianum was first recorded in Great Britain in 1817 when it was put on the seed list at the Kew Botanic Gardens in London. By 1828, the first natural population was recorded, growing wild in Cambridgeshire, England.

The spread of Heracleum mantegazzianum throughout Europe continued unabated until the middle of the 20th century, at which time the dangers of giant hogweed had become more widely known. Despite the warnings, however, the plant continued to be used by gardeners, beekeepers, and farmers (for cattle fodder) for another 50 years. Heracleum mantegazzianum was finally de-listed by the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain in 2002.

Migrasi ke Amerika Utara sunting

During the 20th century, giant hogweed was transported to the United States and Canada for display in arboreta and Victorian gardens. The earliest recorded planting in North America was in 1917, in gardens near Highland Park in the city of Rochester, New York.

By 1950, giant hogweed had appeared in southern Ontario, and within a quarter century, the plant was firmly established in Ontario. It was first collected from Nova Scotia in 1980 and Quebec in 1990. Giant hogweed was still available for sale in Canadian nurseries as late as 2005.

On the west coast of North America, Heracleum mantegazzianum appeared in Oregon, Washington, and southwestern Canada but it is not clear how the species found its way into this region. First reports of giant hogweed in British Columbia were published in the 1930s.

Rusia sunting

Giant hogweed is native to Russia and was further distributed during the late 1960s, later spreading extensively on its own throughout Russia and eastern Europe.[1]

Distribusi sunting

 
Distribution of giant hogweed in Europe (2005)

Hogweed raksasa tersebar luas di seluruh Eropa barat dan utara, terutama di sepanjang daerah seperti pesisir dan tepi sungai.[1] Dengan terbentuknya kepadatan, ini akan menggantikan tanaman aslinya dan mengurangi habitat alam liar.[1][18] Ini juga tersebar di barat laut dan timur laut Amerika Serikat, dan Kanada Selatan dan ini termasuk spesies invasif sepanjang Eropa Barat;[1] di lokasi di mana telah berada, ini melampaui spesies asli setempat, Heracleum sphondylium.[18]

Di Kanada, tanaman ini ada di hampir seluruh provinsinya, kecuali di padang rumput.[1] Ini terakhir terlihat di Quebec semenjak awal 1990-an.[19] Tanaman ini telah tersebar di Ontario dari barat daya dan terlihat pada 2010 di Area Pusat Toronto dan County Renfrew di dekat Ottawa.[20]

In the United States, giant hogweed occurs in Maine, Wisconsin and south to Indiana, Michigan, Maryland, and New Jersey.[21][14][22] In June 2018, it was reported growing in Virginia and North Carolina.[23][24] The plant is federally listed as a noxious weed in the US.[21]

Giant hogweed is widespread in Russia and the Baltic states, and present in eastern Europe.[1]

Keselamatan dan kesehatan umum sunting

 
Kepala bunga hogweed raksasa

Getah dari hogweed raksasa adalah fototoksik. Kontak dengan getah tanaman ini bisa mencegah pelindungan kulit dari sinar matahari, yang mengarah ke fitofotodermatitis, peradangan kulit serius.[25] Reaksi fototoksin bisa terjadi pada 15 menit pertama setelah kontak dengan getahnya. Fotosentisifitas berlangsung antara 30 menit dan 2 jam setelah kontak dan juga bisa dalam beberapa hari.[13][8] Otoritas mengingatkan manusia (tidak terkecuali anak-anak) harus menjauhi tanaman hogweed raksasa.[26][27][28] Baju dengan pelindungan berlapis, juga pelindungan mata, harus dipakai saat mendekati tanaman. Bagian-bagian badan yang bersentuhan dengan getah dari hogweed raksasa harus langsung mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air dingin, dan paparan sinar matahari lebih lanjut harus dihindari setidaknya 48 jam.[13][18][25] spesies Heracleum lain, misalnya lobak sapi (Heracleum maximum), juga bersifat fototoksik, dan karenanya peringatan serupa disarankan. Karena kemiripan secara fisik dengan renda ratu Anne, hogweed raksasa dan relativitasnya terkadang disalahkan sebagai tanaman tidak berbahaya.[29]

Langkah pengendalian sunting

Because of its phototoxicity and invasive nature, giant hogweed is often actively removed. The European Union funded the Giant Alien project to combat the plant.[30][31][32] On August 2, 2017, it added the species to its List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern,[33] thus placing restrictions on keeping, importing, selling, breeding and growing it and requiring governments to detect and eradicate it throughout the EU. In the United Kingdom, the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 makes it an offence to plant or cause giant hogweed to grow in the wild.[18][34]

In the United States, hogweed is regulated as a federal noxious weed by the U.S. government, and is illegal to import into the United States or move interstate without a permit from the Department of Agriculture.[35] The USDA Forest Service states pigs and cattle can eat it without apparent harm.[36] The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation has had an active program to control giant hogweed since 2008.[37] In 2011, Maine state horticulturists, describing the plant as "renda Ratu Anne di steroid", reported that it has been found at 21 different locations in Maine, with the number of plants ranging from one to a hundred.[38]

Di budaya populer sunting

Album 1971 Nursery Cryme dari grup rok progresif Genesis mengandung musik "The Return of the Giant Hogweed". Dengan lirik yang sangat lucu[39] Menceritakan serangan lomba manusia dengan Heracleum mantegazzianum, lama setelah tanaman 'ditangkap' dan dibawa ke Inggris oleh seorang penjelajah Victoria.[40]

Dalam Musim 10 Episode 3 "Ghosts" (yang tayang perdana pada 20 Oktober 2019) dari seri televisi AMC The Walking Dead, karakter Aaron diserang "pejalan" yang ada bunga hogweed berkembang dari mayat yang membusuk. Aaron berjalan ke kontak jarak dekat hogweed, membuatnya tidak dapat melihat dengan baik, dan lebih rentan terhadap bahaya.[41]

Di novel 1985, Curse of the Giant Hogweed, pencipta misteri populer Charlotte MacLeod menempatkan karakter mapannya Peter Shandy dan rekan-rekannya dalam versi fantasi Wales untuk menyelidiki hogweed raksasa yang membahayakan pagar tanaman Inggris.[42]

Lihat pula sunting

Referensi sunting

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed)". CABI. November 6, 2018. Diakses tanggal December 8, 2018. 
  2. ^ a b "SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Uji Coba Halaman". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database. 
  3. ^ a b c "National Pest Plant Accord". Ministry for Primary Industries, Government of New Zealand. 2012. hlm. 70. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 4, 2018. 
  4. ^ a b "Species Profile- Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)". National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. 
  5. ^ Forney, Thomas; Miller, Glenn; Myers-Shenai Beth (May 27, 2009). "Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Pest Risk Assessment for Giant Hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 28, 2010. 
  6. ^ "Giant Hogweed". Wild Food UK. Diakses tanggal August 13, 2018. 
  7. ^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (PDF) (edisi ke-4th). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 250. ISBN 9780521866453. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal January 7, 2020. Diakses tanggal October 18, 2018. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h MacDonald, Francine; Anderson, Hayley (May 2012). "Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario" (PDF). Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2018. 
  9. ^ a b c d Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles  (edisi ke-Third). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 450. ISBN 9780521707725. 
  10. ^ a b c d "Giant Hogweed Identification". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Diakses tanggal September 6, 2018. 
  11. ^ Parnell, John A. N.; Curtis, T. (2011). Webb's An Irish Flora (edisi ke-8th). Cork University Press. ISBN 978-185918-4783. 
  12. ^ "Beware Giant Hogweed!" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2018. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Booy, Olaf; Cock, Matthew; Eckstein, Lutz; Hansen, Steen Ole; Hattendorf, Jan; Hüls, Jörg; Jahodová, Sárka; Krinke, Lucás; Marovoková, Lanka; Müllerová, Jana; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Nielsen, Charlotte; Otte, Annette; Pergl, Jan; Perglová, Irena; Priekule, Ilze; Pusek, Petr; Ravn, Hans Peter; Thiele, Jan; Trybush, Sviatlana; Wittenberg, Rüdiger (2005). The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe (PDF). Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet. ISBN 87-7903-209-5. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2018. 
  14. ^ a b c d e Gucker, Corey L. (2009). "Heracleum mantegazzianum". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Diakses tanggal September 11, 2018. 
  15. ^ a b "Giant Hogweed Biology". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2018. 
  16. ^ Klingenstein, F. (2007). "NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Heracleum mantegazzianum" (PDF). Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. NOBANIS. Diakses tanggal September 17, 2018. 
  17. ^ O’Neill Jr., Charles R. (February 2007). "Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) – Poisonous Invader of the Northeast" (PDF). New York Sea Grant, SUNY College at Brockport. Diakses tanggal September 18, 2018. 
  18. ^ a b c d "Giant hogweed information". NetRegs. U.K. Government. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 23, 2007. 
  19. ^ "5 things you need to know about toxic hogweed". CBC News. 
  20. ^ Halfnight, Drew (July 13, 2010). "Giant weed that burns and blinds spreads across Canada". The National Post. 
  21. ^ a b "Plants Profile for Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed)". plants.usda.gov. 
  22. ^ "Giant hogweed: Not widely spread in Michigan". Landscaping. 
  23. ^ Diebel, Matthew (June 18, 2018). "Giant Hogweed, a Plant That Can Cause Burns and Blindness, Found in Virginia". USA Today. 
  24. ^ Ducharme, Jamie (June 20, 2018). "A Giant Plant That Can Cause Blindness Was Spotted for the First Time in a New State". Time. New York. 
  25. ^ a b "Health Hazards & Safety Instructions for Giant Hogweed (with graphic photos)". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Diakses tanggal September 3, 2018. 
  26. ^ "Be aware of Giant hogweed and avoid contact". www.nidirect.gov.uk. NIDirect Government Services. June 15, 2018. Diakses tanggal October 22, 2020. 
  27. ^ "Invasive weeds". www.coventry.gov.uk. Coventry City Council. Diakses tanggal October 22, 2020. 
  28. ^ "Giant hogweed (Hereacleum mantegazzianum)". www.gov.im. Isle of Man Government. Diakses tanggal October 22, 2020. 
  29. ^ "How to spot giant hogweed | CTV News". www.ctvnews.ca. July 15, 2010. Diakses tanggal December 8, 2018. 
  30. ^ "Giant Alien". Giant Alien Project, project no. EVK2-CT-2001-00128, European Union. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 3, 2016. 
  31. ^ "Giant alien — Result In Brief". Diakses tanggal July 4, 2018. 
  32. ^ "Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) – A pernicious invasive weed: Developing a sustainable strategy for alien invasive plant management in Europe". Diakses tanggal July 4, 2018. 
  33. ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern". Diakses tanggal July 4, 2018. 
  34. ^ Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 Section 14 and Schedule 9, Part II.
  35. ^ "Invasive and Noxious Weeds: Federal Noxious Weeds". Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 
  36. ^ "Giant Hogweed" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. June 20, 2005. Diakses tanggal August 13, 2018. 
  37. ^ "NYSDEC Giant Hogweed Control Program". New Paltz, N.Y.: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 6, 2015. 
  38. ^ "State confirms poisonous plant sightings". The Portland Press Herald. May 22, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 21, 2015. 
  39. ^ "The Return of the Giant Hogweed". Musixmatch. Stratsong Ltd., Quartet Music Ltd., Stratsong Limited. 
  40. ^ McParland, Robert (August 9, 2019). The Rock Music Imagination. ISBN 9781498588539. 
  41. ^ "What happened on The Walking Dead this week?". NME. October 21, 2019. 
  42. ^ "The Curse of the Giant Hogweed by Charlotte MacLeod". 

Pranala luar sunting

Jalur KA Klabangan-Pasarwilang-Wonoagung
Legenda
 
KLB
 Klabangan
 
 Batas
Kota Mojowaru
Kabupaten Kalikojong
 
SBR
 Sumberagung
 
BMJ
 Bumirejo
 
KB
 Kalibungur
 
BJN
 Banjaran
 
GND
 Gondang
 
KRM
 Karangmalang
 
KS
 Kedungsari
 
KKJ
 Kalikojong
 
KDR
 Kedungrejo
 
LWS
 Luwes
 
 Batas
Kabupaten Kalikojong
Kabupaten Pasarwilang
NGD-CBD
 
 
 
NGD
 Ngadhiroso
 
 
 NGD-BGS
 
PKG
 Pasirklangen
 
SDR
 Sadrakan
 
 Batas
Kabupaten Pasarwilang
Kota Pasarwilang
 
KRG
 Karangasem
 
KTR
 Katrungan
PSW-KWJ
 
 
 
PSW
 Pasarwilang
 
 
 PSW-WLG-WLGK
 
 Batas
Kota Pasarwilang
Kabupaten Pasarwilang
 
TLJ
 Tegalrejo
 
KDJ
 Kedungjambon
 
 Batas
Kabupaten Pasarwilang
Kabupaten Wonoagung
 
SKT
 Seketi
 
BG
 Bagongan
 
 
 WNO-RSN-CJU
 
WNO
 Wonoagung
 
 WNO-JGL
Jalur KA Nonaktif Mergangsaan-Bagongsari
Legenda
 
 BGS-KUK
NGD-BGS
 
 
 
 BGS-KDW
 
BGS
 Bagongsari
 
KWS
 Kaliwaras
 
SKD
 Simpang Kadirejo
 
KDC
 Kedungceng
 
 Batas
Kabupaten Pasarwilang
Kota Pasarwilang
 
PG
 Pogar
 
TBG
 Tambakgondang
 
 
 PSWK-P.G KDP
 
PSWK
 Pasarwilang Kota
 
MGP
 Mergangsaan Pasar
 
 
 
PSW-WLG-WLGK
 Ke Pasarwilang
 
MGS
 Mergangsaan
 
 Ke Wilangun
Jalur KA Bagongsari-Kuwakan
Legenda
 
P.G KUK
 Pabrik Gula Kuwakan
BJN-KUK
 
 
 
KUK
 Kuwakan
 
BPG
 Batupogar
 
 
 
Kabupaten Kalikojong
Kabupaten Pasarwilang
 

Uji coba Halaman Gerhana bulan Januari 2019 sunting

SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Uji Coba Halaman
Gerhana total
 
Akhir totalitas di Oria, 5:43 UTC
Tanggal20 Januari 2019
Gamma0.3684
Magnitudo1.1953
Siklus Saros134 (27 of 73)
Totalitas61 menit, 59 detik
Sebagian196 menit, 45 detik
Penumbra311 menit, 30 detik

Gerhana bulan terjadi pada tanggal 21 Januari 2019 UTC {Waktu Universal Terkoodirnasi). Untuk pengamat dari Amerika, Gerhana ini terjadi sore, 20 Januari dan berakhir pada dini hari, 21 Januari. Untuk pengamat dari Eropa dan Afrika, gerhana ini terjadi pada dini hari, 21 Januari. Bulan sempat mendekati perigeo pada 21 Januari dan juga disebut "superbulan".[1]

Dari superbulan tersebut juga disebut bulan serigala (bulan purnama pertama pada setahun kalender), hal ini juga menyebutnya "superbulan serigala darah"; diambil dari warna merah yang khas saat gerhana bulan tersebut.[2] Gerhana ini adalah gerhana bulan total terakhir hingga Mei 2021. Ini adalah Superbulan Purnama karena terjadi kurang dari sehari sebelum perigee dan Bulan ini jaraknya kurang dari 360,000 km (223,694 mi).

Observatorium Griffith di Los Angeles menangkap sebuah klip dimana sebuah meteor antara biji ek dan bola tenis bertabrakan saat gerhana.[3] Tabrakan tersebut terjadi pada pukul 4:41 UTC, dari sisi kiri dari bulan.[4] Ini salah satu tabrakan yang terdokumentasi ketika gerhana sedang berlangsung.[5][6]

Wilayah yang terlihat sunting

Gerhana ini terlihat di Amerika Utara dan Amerika Selatan, juga sebagian dari Eropa Barat dan Afrika Utara. Untuk beberapa tempat di Amerika Utara, gerhana mulai pada sore tanggal 20 Januari, the eclipse began during the evening hours of January 20. Observers at locations in Europe and much of Africa were able to view part of the eclipse before the Moon set in the early morning (pre-dawn) hours of January 21.

 Pemandangan Bumi dari Bulan saat puncak gerhana, beserta awan inframerah
 Peta Wilayah

Di Indonesia sunting

Seluruh fase gerhana total ini tidak terlihat di Indonesia.

Waktu sunting

 
 
Titik kontak relatif dari bayangan umbra dan penumbra dari Bumi, dari sini ketika gerhana bulan dalam nodus menurun (kiri), dan gerakan per jam untuk gerhana bulan Januari 2019 (kanan)

Fase penumbra sedikit mengubah tampilan bulan, terlihat samar dan tidak menyadarinya.[7]

Kontak beserta waktu lokal
Time zone

adjustments from UTC

Amerika Atlantik Eropa/Afrika
-8h -7h -6h -5h -4h -3h -2h -1h 0h +1h +2h +3h
PST MST CST EST AST GMT

WET

WEST

CET BST

CEST

EET

MSK

FET

MSK EAT

Kontak Sore, 20 Januari Pagi, 21 Januari
P1 Penumbra mulai* 6:37 pm 7:37 pm 8:37 pm 9:37 pm 10:37 pm 11:37 pm 12:37 am 1:37 am 2:37 am 3:37 am 4:37 am 5:37 am
U1 Sebagian mulai 7:34 pm 8:34 pm 9:34 pm 10:34 pm 11:34 pm 12:34 am 1:34 am 2:34 am 3:34 am 4:34 am 5:34 am 6:34 am
U2 Total mulai 8:41 pm 9:41 pm 10:41 pm 11:41 pm 12:41 am 1:41 am 2:41 am 3:41 am 4:41 am 5:41 am 6:41 am 7:41 am
Puncak 9:12 pm 10:12 pm 11:12 pm 12:12 am 1:12 am 2:12 am 3:12 am 4:12 am 5:12 am 6:12 am 7:12 am 8:12 am
U3 Total berakhir 9:43 pm 10:43 pm 11:43 pm 12:43 am 1:43 am 2:43 am 3:43 am 4:43 am 5:43 am 6:43 am 7:43 am 8:43 am
U4 Sebagian berakhir 10:51 pm 11:51 pm 12:51 am 1:51 am 2:51 am 3:51 am 4:51 am 5:51 am 6:51 am 7:51 am 8:51 am 9:51 am
P4 Penumbra berakhir* 11:48 pm 12:48 am 1:48 am 2:48 am 3:48 am 4:48 am 5:48 am 6:48 am 7:48 am 8:48 am 9:48 am 10:48 am

Observations sunting

America sunting

Eropa sunting

Tampilan sunting

Terjadi pada konstelasi Kanser, tepatnya di barat Gugus Sarang Lebah.

 

Tabrakan terungkap sunting

Livestream mendeteksi kilauan cahaya ketika melihat gerhana. Ini adalah "ini kemungkinan tabrakan dari meteoroid berukuran kecil dan cepat yang ditinggal oleh komet."[5]

Aslinya memikir adalah suara dari kamera, astronomers and citizen scientists shared the visual phenomenon with each other to identify it.[5]

When totality was just beginning at 4:41 UT, the tiny speck of light blinked south of a nearly 55-mile-wide crater in the western part of the moon.[8]

The location of the impact may be somewhere in the lunar highlands, selatan kawah Byrgius, menurut Justin Cowart, seorang mahasiswa yang lulus geosains dari Universitas Stony Brook, New York yang pertama kali menangkap kedipan cahaya[5]

“A meteoroid about this size hits the moon about once a week or so,” said Cowart.[8]

This may be the first time that a collision, during a total lunar eclipse, was captured on video.[5]

“I have not heard of anyone seeing an impact like this during a lunar eclipse before,” said Sara Russell, a professor of planetary sciences at the Natural History Museum in London.[5]

People posted their images and video of a flicker of light as news spread quickly on social media.[8]

Working overtime, co-director of the Deteksi dan Analisis Tabrakan Bulan, MIDAS, an astrophysicist at the Universitas Huelva di Spanyol, Jose Maria Madiedo, set up eight telescopes to watch for any impacts during the eclipse.[8]

“Something inside of me told me that this time would be the time,” kata Madiedo.[8]

A paper calculated a mass between 20 and 100 kilograms and diameter of 30 to 50 cm that may have caused a 7–15 meter crater located "inside a triangle with vertices in the kawah Lagrange H, K and X".[9] Other astronomers estimated a 10-15 meter crater from a 45 kg asteroid moving 61,000 km/h.[10]

Gerhana terkait sunting

Gerhana-gerhana 2019 sunting

Lunar year series sunting

Seri gerhana bulan 2016-2020
Nodus menurun   Nodus menaik
Saros Tanggal
Peta 		Tipe
Tampilan 		Gama Saros Tanggal
Peta 		Tipe
Tampilan 		Gamma
109 18 Agustus 2016
  		Penumbra
  		1.56406 114
  		11 Februari 2017
  		Penumbra
  		-1.02548
119
  		07 Agustus 2017
  		Sebagian
  		0.86690 124
  		31 Januari 2018
  		Total
  		-0.30143
129
  		27 Juli 2018
  		Total
  		0.11681 134
  		21 Januari 2019
  		Total
  		0.36842
139
  		16 Juli 2019
  		Sebagian
  		-0.64300 144
  		10 Januari 2020
  		Penumbra
  		1.07270
149 05 Juli 2020
  		Penumbral
  		-1.36387
Set terakhir 16 September 2016 Set terakhir 23 Maret 2016
Set berikutnya 05 Juni 2020 Set berikutnya 30 November 2020

Saros sunting

Gerhana ini bagian dari Siklus Saros seri 134.

Siklus setengah-Saros sunting

Sebuah gerhana bulan akan didahului dan diteruskan oleh gerhana matahari selama 9 tahun 5,5 hari (sebuah siklus setengah saros).[11] Gerhana bulan ini telah terkait 2 gerhana matahari cincin yang merupakan bagian dari Saros Matahari 141.

15 Januari 2010 26 Januari 2028
   

Detail lebih lanjut sunting

Magnitudo Penumbra = 2.16972 (216.972%)

Magnitudo Umbra = 1.19657 (119.657%)

Gama = 0.36842 (36.945%)

Epsilon = 0.3763° (0°22’34.68”)

Puncak Gerhana = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:12:18.0 UTC

Oposisi Ekliptika = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:16:04.9 UTC

Oposisi Khatulistiwa = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:07:42.5 UTC

Kenaikan Kanan dari Khatulistiwa Matahari = 20.205h

Deklinasi Khatulistiwa Matahari = -19.96°

Diameter Matahari Tampak = 1950.4 detik busur

Paralaks Horisontal Khatulistiwa Matahari = 17.8 arcseconds

Moon’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 8.208h

Moon’s Equatorial Declination = +20.34°

Moon’s Apparent Diameter = 2004.2 arcseconds

Moon’s Equatorial Horizontal Parallax = 7355.8 arcseconds

Earth’s Shadow’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 8.205h

Earth’s Shadow’s Equatorial Declination = +19.96°

Earth’s Penumbral Shadow Diameter = 9424.8 arcseconds

Earth’s Umbral Shadow Diameter = 5523.84 arcseconds

Saros = 134 (27 dari 73)

Nodus Orbit = Nodus Menaik

Jarak Bulan = 357,718 km (222,276 mi)

Lihat pula sunting

Referensi sunting

  1. ^ Rogers, James (20 January 2019). "'Super blood Moon' eclipse stuns in remarkable pictures". Fox News. 
  2. ^ "Super blood wolf moon: stargazers battle cold and clouds to view lunar eclipse". The Guardian. January 21, 2019. Diakses tanggal January 21, 2019. 
  3. ^ Meghan Bartels (22 January 2019). "Watch a Meteor Smack the Blood Moon in This Lunar Eclipse Video". Space.com. Diakses tanggal 22 January 2019. 
  4. ^ "A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know". Science & Innovation. 22 January 2019. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f Andrews, Robin George (2019-01-23). "During the Lunar Eclipse, Something Slammed Into the Moon". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-23. 
  6. ^ "Video: A Meteorite Hit the Moon During the Recent Eclipse!". Jason Kottke. 23 January 2019. 
  7. ^ Espenak, Fred. "Lunar Eclipses for Beginners". MrEclipse. Diakses tanggal April 7, 2014. 
  8. ^ a b c d e "A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know". 2019-01-22. Diakses tanggal 2019-01-24. 
  9. ^ Location, orbit and energy of a meteoroid impacting the moon during the Lunar Eclipse of January 21, 2019
  10. ^ The space rock that hit the Moon at 61,000 kilometres an hour | The Royal Astronomical Society
  11. ^ Mathematical Astronomy Morsels, Jean Meeus, p.110, Chapter 18, The half-saros

Pranala luar sunting


Uji Coba Layout Baru Halaman Martabak mini sunting

Martabak mini
Nama lainMartabak jadul
JenisJajanan jalanan
SajianToping:

Adonan:

Tempat asalIndonesia
Bahan utamaTepung
Variasi
 
Sunting kotak info • L • B
 
Bantuan penggunaan templat ini

Martabak mini adalah varian dari terang bulan dan martabak yang berdiameter kurang dari 5 cm. Metode penjualan adalah menggunakan sepeda motor sebagai pedagang kaki lima di dekat fasilitas umum, seperti taman, hingga sekolah.

Martabak mini sebagai jajanan jalanan sunting

Martabak mini termasuk jajanan jalan populer karena dari harga lebih murah daripada kue terang bulan dan martabak. Martabak mini populer karena banyak macam variasi, mulai dari toping dan adonan yang beraneka macam.[1] Martabak mini biasanya terlihat lebih pucat dan dipotong kecil-kecil.

Harga dari martabak mini biasanya berharga Rp1.000, dan ada juga yang berharga Rp500.[2]

Penjualan sunting

Martabak mini biasa di jual pada trotoar, halaman sekolah, taman.

Referensi sunting

  1. ^ "Martabak Mini yang Mini Tapi Lezat | Prochiz". Prochiz | Everything tastes better with Prochiz. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-01. 
  2. ^ Liputan6.com (2021-08-12). "Jajanan Jadul Murah Meriah, Martabak Mini Seharga Rp500". liputan6.com. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-01. 

Uji Coba Layout Halaman Baru Bahan berbahaya dan beracun sunting

 
An emergency medical technician team training as rescue (grey suits) and decontamination (green suits) respondents to hazardous material and toxic contamination situations
 
The pictogram for poisonous substances of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

Bahan berbahaya dan beracun, disingkatkan B3, adalah substansi ketika diangkut akan berisiko untuk kesehatan, keselamatan, properti atau lingkungan. Barang berbahaya tertentu yang menimbulkan risiko meskipun tidak diangkut disebut material berbahaya (terabreviasi secara silabis sebagai kata HAZMAT atau hazmat). Contoh dari B3 adalah limbah berbahaya ketika limbah yang memiliki substansial atau masalah ke kesehatan umum atau lingkungan.[1]

Hazardous materials are often subject to chemical regulations. Hazmat teams are personnel specially trained to handle dangerous goods, which include materials that are radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing, asphyxiating, biohazardous, toxic, pathogenic, or allergenic. Also included are physical conditions such as compressed gases and liquids or hot materials, including all goods containing such materials or chemicals, or may have other characteristics that render them hazardous in specific circumstances.

Dangerous goods are often indicated by diamond-shaped signage on the item (see NFPA 704), its container, or the building where it is stored. The color of each diamond indicates its hazard, e.g., flammable is indicated with red, because fire and heat are generally of red color, and explosive is indicated with orange, because mixing red (flammable) with yellow (oxidizing agent) creates orange. A nonflammable and nontoxic gas is indicated with green, because all compressed air vessels were this color in France after World War II, and France was where the diamond system of hazmat identification originated.

Templat:TOC level

Global regulations sunting

Lihat pula: Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

The most widely applied regulatory scheme is that for the transportation of dangerous goods. The United Nations Economic and Social Council issues the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, which form the basis for most regional, national, and international regulatory schemes. For instance, the International Civil Aviation Organization has developed dangerous goods regulations for air transport of hazardous materials that are based upon the UN model but modified to accommodate unique aspects of air transport. Individual airline and governmental requirements are incorporated with this by the International Air Transport Association to produce the widely used IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR).[2] Similarly, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code ("IMDG Code", part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) for transportation of dangerous goods by sea. IMO member countries have also developed the HNS Convention to provide compensation in case of dangerous goods spills in the sea.

The Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail has developed the regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail ("RID", part of the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail). Many individual nations have also structured their dangerous goods transportation regulations to harmonize with the UN model in organization as well as in specific requirements.

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed upon system set to replace the various classification and labeling standards used in different countries. The GHS uses consistent criteria for classification and labeling on a global level.

UN numbers and proper shipping names sunting

Lihat pula: List of UN Numbers

Dangerous goods are assigned to UN numbers and proper shipping names according to their hazard classification and their composition. Dangerous goods commonly carried are listed in the Dangerous Goods list.[3]

Examples for UN numbers and proper shipping names are:

Classification and labeling summary tables sunting

Lihat pula: GHS hazard pictograms

Dangerous goods are divided into nine classes (in addition to several subcategories) on the basis of the specific chemical characteristics producing the risk.[4]

Note: The graphics and text in this article representing the dangerous goods safety marks are derived from the United Nations-based system of identifying dangerous goods. Not all countries use precisely the same graphics (label, placard or text information) in their national regulations. Some use graphic symbols, but without English wording or with similar wording in their national language. Refer to the dangerous goods transportation regulations of the country of interest.

For example, see the TDG Bulletin: Dangerous Goods Safety Marks[5] based on the Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations.

The statement above applies equally to all the dangerous goods classes discussed in this article.

Templat:Hazardous Material Placards

Handling and transportation sunting

Handling sunting

 
A reinforced, fireproof cabinet for dangerous chemicals

Mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials may require the application of safety precautions during their transport, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials by law, and they are subject to several international treaties as well. Even so, different countries may use different class diamonds for the same product. For example, in Australia, anhydrous ammonia UN 1005 is classified as 2.3 (toxic gas) with subsidiary hazard 8 (corrosive), whereas in the U.S. it is only classified as 2.2 (non-flammable gas).[6]

People who handle dangerous goods will often wear protective equipment, and metropolitan fire departments often have a response team specifically trained to deal with accidents and spills. Persons who may come into contact with dangerous goods as part of their work are also often subject to monitoring or health surveillance to ensure that their exposure does not exceed occupational exposure limits.

Laws and regulations on the use and handling of hazardous materials may differ depending on the activity and status of the material. For example, one set of requirements may apply to their use in the workplace while a different set of requirements may apply to spill response, sale for consumer use, or transportation. Most countries regulate some aspect of hazardous materials.

Packing groups sunting

 
Doublewall corrugated fiberboard box with dividers for shipping four bottles of corrosive liquid, UN 4G, certified performance for Packing Group III

Packing groups are used for the purpose of determining the degree of protective packaging required for dangerous goods during transportation.

  • Group I: great danger, and most protective packaging required. Some combinations of different classes of dangerous goods on the same vehicle or in the same container are forbidden if one of the goods is Group I.[7]
  • Group II: medium danger
  • Group III: minor danger among regulated goods, and least protective packaging within the transportation requirement

Transport documents sunting

One of the transport regulations is that, as an assistance during emergency situations, written instructions how to deal in such need to be carried and easily accessible in the driver’s cabin.[8]

Dangerous goods shipments also require a dangerous goods transport document prepared by the shipper. The information that is generally required includes the shipper's name and address; the consignee's name and address; descriptions of each of the dangerous goods, along with their quantity, classification, and packaging; and emergency contact information. Common formats include the one issued by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for air shipments and the form by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for sea cargo.[9]

Training sunting

A license or permit card for hazmat training must be presented when requested by officials.[10]

Society and culture sunting

Global goals sunting

The international community has defined the responsible management of hazardous waste and chemicals as an important part of sustainable development with Sustainable Development Goal 3. Target 3.9 has this target with respect to hazardous chemicals: "By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination."[11] Furthermore, Sustainable Development Goal 6 also mentions hazardous materials in Target 6.3: "By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials [...]."[12]

By country or region sunting

United States sunting

 
A picture of the U.S. DOT classes in use

Due to the increase in fear of terrorism in the early 21st century after the September 11, 2001 attacks, funding for greater hazmat-handling capabilities was increased throughout the United States, recognizing that flammable, poisonous, explosive, or radioactive substances in particular could be used for terrorist attacks.

The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration regulates hazmat transportation within the territory of the US by Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the handling of hazardous materials in the workplace as well as response to hazardous-materials-related incidents, most notably through Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER).[13] regulations found at 29 CFR 1910.120.

In 1984 the agencies OSHA, EPA, USCG, and NIOSH jointly published the first Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Guidance Manual[13] which is available for download.[14]

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates hazardous materials as they may impact the community and environment, including specific regulations for environmental cleanup and for handling and disposal of waste hazardous materials. For instance, transportation of hazardous materials is regulated by the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act was also passed to further protect human and environmental health.[15]

The Consumer Product Safety Commission regulates hazardous materials that may be used in products sold for household and other consumer uses.

Hazard classes for materials in transport sunting

Following the UN model, the DOT divides regulated hazardous materials into nine classes, some of which are further subdivided. Hazardous materials in transportation must be placarded and have specified packaging and labelling. Some materials must always be placarded, others may only require placarding in certain circumstances.[16]

Trailers of goods in transport are usually marked with a four digit UN number. This number, along with standardized logs of hazmat information, can be referenced by first responders (firefighters, police officers, and ambulance personnel) who can find information about the material in the Emergency Response Guidebook.[17]

Fixed facilities sunting

Different standards usually apply for handling and marking hazmats at fixed facilities, including NFPA 704 diamond markings (a consensus standard often adopted by local governmental jurisdictions), OSHA regulations requiring chemical safety information for employees, and CPSC requirements requiring informative labeling for the public, as well as wearing hazmat suits when handling hazardous materials.

See also sunting

References sunting

  1. ^ "Resources Conservation and Recovery Act". US EPA. 
  2. ^ "Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR)". IATA. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-04-23. 
  3. ^ "2.0.2 UN numbers and proper shipping names". Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations. I (edisi ke-Twentyfirst). United Nations. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2021. 
  4. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2015-04-16. 
  5. ^ "TDG Bulletin: Dangerous Goods Safety Marks" (PDF). Transport Canada. January 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 14 October 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2015. 
  6. ^ "Emergency Response Safety and Health Database". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 9 July 2021. 
  7. ^ "Land Transport Rule - Dangerous Goods". New Zealand Land Transport Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 May 2010. Diakses tanggal 21 February 2010. 
  8. ^ "Guide for Preparing Shipping Papers" (PDF). US Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 8 May 2016. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2016. 
  9. ^ "Chapter 5.4 Documentation". Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations. II (edisi ke-Twentyfirst). United Nations. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2021. 
  10. ^ "Hazmat transportation training requirements, An overview of 49 CFR parts 172-173" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-10-17. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2021. 
  11. ^ United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
  12. ^ Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 3" SDG-Tracker.org, website (2018).
  13. ^ a b "Hazardous waste operations and emergency response (HAZWOPER)". Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 10 February 2010. Diakses tanggal 17 February 2010. 
  14. ^ DHHS (NIOSH) (October 1985), Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, hlm. 142, Pub. no. 85-115, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 29, 2011, diakses tanggal 2011-02-22 
  15. ^ Taylor, Penny. "Transporting and Disposing of Dangerous Goods in the US: What You Need to Know". ACT Environmental Services. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 January 2016. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2015. 
  16. ^ Werman, Howard A.; Karren, K; Mistovich, Joseph (2014). "Protecting Yourself from Accidental and Work-Related Injury: Hazardous Materials". Dalam Werman A. Howard; Mistovich J; Karren K. Prehospital Emergency Care, 10e. Pearson Education, Inc. hlm. 31. 
  17. ^ Levins, Cory. "Dangerous Goods". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 May 2016. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2016. 

External links sunting

Templat:Hazardous materials Templat:Firefighting Templat:Fire protection


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